PRE-TEST

• SALK IS THE INJECTABLE FORM
• SABIN IS THE ORAL POLIO VARIANT
• SALK VACCINE CONSIST OF FORMALIN-TREATED VACCINES
• BOTH VACCINES CONTAIN LIVE ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUS
• RAJI CELL ASSAY IS USED TO DETECT CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES
• ACUTE REJECTION

  • A transplant rejection that is associated with T-cell mediated immune response directed against the foreign MHC and results to inflammation and leukocyte infiltration of graft vessels
• IgG antibodies and warm-reacting alloantibodies are often clinically significant in blood transfusion
• foreignness is the most important characteristic of an antigen
• IL-4

  • One of the main physiologic functions of this interleukin is to promote the growth and differentiation of eosinophils and to activate eosinophils to kill parasites more effectively
• OX-K antigen is derived from proteus mirabilis; while OX-2 and OX-19 antigens are derived from Proteus vulgaris. These antigens are used for the Weil-Felix agglutination test.
• CD2

  • appears during the first stage of T-cell development and remains present as an identifying marker for T cells\
• Anergy

  • aka immune tolerance, occurs when there is a failure to mount a complete immune response to an antigen.
• The fetal blood from cordocentesis sample can then be tested for Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Blood Typing, DAT, Antigen phenotype and genotype.
• Cordocentesis will also determine whether Intra-uterine transfusion is indicated.
• If the father is heterozygous, then the genotype of the fetus can be determined using PCR testing of amniocentesis samples, chorionic villus sampling, or cordocentesis.
• Anti-I

  • Associated with Atypical Pneumonia & Cold Agglutinin Disease. It can also cause acrocyanosis (peripheral vascular occlusion).
• Anti-i

  • associated with Alcoholic Cirrhosis & Lymphoproliferative disorder.
• Adult i

  • associated with congenital cataract.
• Anti-P

  -associated with PCH
• Procalcitonin is a biomarker that exhibits greater specificity that other pro-inflammatory markers (cytokines) in identifying patients with sepsis and can be used in the diagnosis of bacterial infections.
• CYFRA 21-1

  • squamous cell carcinoma, Breast cancer, lung cancer
• AFP

  • liver and testicular cancer
• CEA

  • colorectal cancer
• Nephelometer

  • measures small changes in light intensity due to the presence of immune complexes.
• Bone marrow

  • organ responsible for the maturation of naive B cells.
• PCR Requirement:

  • TAQ DNA POLYMERASE III
  • OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMER
  • TARGET SEQUENCE
  • DEOXYNUCLEOTIDES
• PCR PROCESS:

  • DENATURATION (95 degrees celsius)
  • ANNEALING (55 degrees celsius)
  • EXTENSION (72 degrees celsius)
• BONE MARROW:

  • functions as the center of Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis
  • it is the source of Common progenitor cells
  • Common Lymphoid progenitor cells supports eventual differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells
• Acid citrate dextrose (ACD):

  • 1943 by Loutit & Mollison
• Ulitilized glycerol to extend RBC lifespan by 10 years:

  • 1950 by Audrey Smith
• Citrate Phosphate Dextrose as a standard preservative at present:

  • 1957 by Gibson
• First vein to vein transfusion using special cannulas and syringes:

  • 1913 by Edward Lindemann
• Syringe valve apparatus:

  • 1915 by Unger
• Although D is the most antigenic of the Rh antibodies, Kell is considered the most clinically significant of the non-Rh system antibodies in the ability to cause HDFN.
• HDN can also be caused by: Kidd, Kell, Duffy, MNSs, Lutheran, P(PP1PK) and i.
• PCR APPLICATION:

  • amplification of DNA
  • Identification of target sequence
  • Labelled anti-sense probe synthesis
• Applications of Nephelometry: Quantification of proteins

  • Immunoelectrophoresis
  • Coomassie Brilliant Blue g250
  • Capillary electrophoresis
  • Chromatography or cation exchange
  • Bromcresol Purple and Green
• CD2

  • T cells, thymocytes, NK cells
• CD3

  • T cells, thymocytes, NK cells
• CD4

  • T helper, monocytes, macrophage