Compare properties of substances

• How do metallic substances bond?

  • Metal to metal
  • Example: Iron (Fe)
• How do covalent substances bond?

  • Non-metal to non-metal
  • Example: Water (H₂O)
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  • High melting points
  • Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved
  • Brittle structure
  • Crystalline arrangement
• Compare the bonding in ionic and covalent compounds.

  • Ionic: Metal to non-metal, forms ions
  • Covalent: Non-metal to non-metal, shares electrons
• What is the physical state of many covalent compounds at room temperature?

  They are often liquids or gases
• What are the four main types of substances?

  Ionic, covalent, metallic, giant covalent
• What is the structure of giant covalent substances?

  They have strong covalent bonds throughout
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?

  They have a regular, ordered crystalline structure
• How do covalent compounds bond?

  They share electrons between non-metals
• What forms metallic substances?

  Metal atoms share electrons
• How does the structure of water (H₂O) relate to its classification as a covalent compound?

  It consists of shared electrons between non-metals
• What characterizes giant covalent substances?

  • Strong covalent bonds throughout
  • Example: Diamond (C)
• How do ionic compounds form?

  Metals lose electrons to non-metals
• Why is diamond considered exceptionally strong and hard?

  Due to its continuous covalent bonding network
• Why do metallic substances have high melting points?

  Strong metallic bonds require significant energy
• Why is iron (Fe) commonly used in tools and structures?

  Due to its strength and conductivity
• How do covalent bonds behave in a giant covalent structure?

  They spread out infinitely in all directions
• What are the key differences between scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)?

  • SEMs produce 3D images, while TEMs produce 2D images
  • SEMs use a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface, while TEMs transmit electrons through a thin specimen
  • SEMs are better for studying surface features, while TEMs are better for internal cellular structures
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

  Strong ion-ion forces require a lot of energy
• What forms covalent compounds?

  Non-metals share electrons
• What is the melting point of diamond?

  3550°C
• What creates positive and negative ions in ionic compounds?

  Metals lose electrons, non-metals gain electrons
• What happens to ionic compounds when force is applied?

  They become brittle and break due to misalignment
• What are the four characteristics of gases according to the image?

  No definite shape, no definite volume, low density, highly compressible
• What is a giant covalent structure?

  A continuous network of atoms bonded covalently
• What is a characteristic of metallic substances?

  They have free electrons shared among atoms
• What are the properties of covalent compounds?

  • Low melting points due to weak intermolecular forces
  • Insulators that do not conduct electricity
  • Often liquids or gases at room temperature
  • Consist of discrete molecules
• What do ionic compounds create when they form?

  Positive and negative ions that attract
• Why do covalent compounds not conduct electricity?

  They do not have free-moving charged particles
• What are the four characteristics of solids according to the image?

  Definite shape, definite volume, high density, slightly compressible
• What is the state of ionic substances at room temperature?

  Solid
• What are the unique properties of metallic substances?

  • High Conductivity
  • Malleable/Ductile
  • Luster
  • High Melting Points
• How do ionic substances bond?

  • Metal to non-metal
  • Example: Salt (NaCl)
• Why are giant covalent structures insulators of electricity?

  They lack free-moving charged particles
• How do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When melted or dissolved, ions move freely
• Compare the properties of metallic and giant covalent substances.

  • Metallic: Free electrons, conducts electricity
  • Giant Covalent: Strong bonds, high melting points
• What are the key properties compared among ionic, covalent, metallic, and giant covalent substances?

  • State
  • Melting Point
  • Conductivity
• What type of molecules do covalent compounds consist of?

  They consist of discrete molecules
• How do the strong carbon-carbon covalent bonds in this molecule compare to the bonds in other organic molecules?

  • The carbon-carbon bonds in this molecule are likely stronger and more stable than the bonds in simpler organic molecules.
  • This increased bond strength contributes to the unique properties and behavior of this particular molecular structure.
• What is the conductivity of giant covalent substances?

  They are insulators