paper 2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant or volume of gas
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution is becoming cloudy
• How can you measure the volume of gas produced in a reaction?

  Using a gas syringe connected to the vessel
• What does a graph of reaction volume versus time typically look like?

  A curve that starts steep and levels out
• How do you find the rate of reaction at a specific time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  It increases the frequency of collisions
• How does increasing temperature affect reaction rate?

  Particles move faster and collide more often
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It lowers the activation energy needed
• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can revert to reactants
• What happens at equilibrium in a closed system?

  Rates of forward and reverse reactions equal
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  Systems adjust to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What are organic compounds primarily made of?

  Carbon forming the backbone
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Mostly hydrocarbons
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What do all alkane names end with?

  Suffix "ane"
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is the main use of petrol?

  Fuel for cars
• What does complete combustion of alkanes produce?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• How does viscosity change with alkane chain length?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  By adding bromine water
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

  The mixture turns colorless
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  Hydroxyl group (-OH)
• What is polymerization?

  Joining monomers to form polymers
• What is the repeating unit in a polymer?

  The structure that repeats in the chain
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining two monomers with water produced
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  A molecule that stores genetic code
• What is a formulation in chemistry?

  A mixture designed for a specific purpose
• How can purity be tested in substances?

  By measuring melting or boiling points
• What can be polymerized to make polypeptides?

  Amino acids
• What is the full name of DNA?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What structure does DNA form?

  Double helix