summary

• What are the types of pathogens that cause communicable diseases?

  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists
• How do pathogens reproduce in the body?

  They reproduce inside the host's body
• Why can't viruses reproduce by themselves?

  They require a host cell to replicate
• What is the structure of a virus?

  A protein casing surrounding genetic code
• What happens to a cell infected by a virus?

  The cell produces more viruses and explodes
• What disease is caused by the measles virus?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What does HIV compromise in the body?

  The immune system
• What is another name for HIV?

  AIDS
• How can HIV be spread?

  By sharing needles or sexual contact
• How do bacteria damage body cells?

  By releasing toxins
• What does gonorrhea cause?

  A yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that burrows into red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in disease transmission?

  An organism that spreads disease
• How do fungal infections affect plants?

  They cause discoloration and leaf drop
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection in plants
• How can fungal infections in plants be treated?

  With fungicides
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus do to plants?

  It discolors leaves and inhibits chlorophyll
• What is the first barrier our body has against pathogens?

  Skin
• How does mucus help protect the body?

  It traps pathogens in the nose and trachea
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They combat pathogens in the body
• What are lymphocytes?

  A type of white blood cell
• What do lymphocytes produce to neutralize toxins?

  Antitoxins
• What do antibodies do?

  They stick to antigens and neutralize pathogens
• What happens if a pathogen is unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes create antibodies until one fits
• What is immunity?

  The body's ability to resist infection
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen
• How does a vaccine work?

  It exposes the immune system to a pathogen
• What is the flu vaccine made from?

  An irradiated version of the virus
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It uses mRNA to synthesize part of the virus
• What do antibiotics target?

  Bacteria, not viruses
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria
• What happens as bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• What is aspirin derived from?

  Willow trees
• What is penicillin derived from?

  A mold
• What is the process for drug testing?

  Lab trials, animal trials, human trials
• What is a placebo?

  A sugar pill given to a control group