APUSH

• Hiram Revels and Blanche K Bruce were the first Black senators in Congress in 1870 and 1875 respectively.
• The Compromise of 1877 resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South.
• Sharecropping: Farmers traded a portion of their crop for the right to work in someone else’s land, often leading to them being kept in a state of slavery and debt.
• Robert Smalls founded the Republican Party and served in the House of Representatives.
• Compromise of 1877: If Hayes became president, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, allowing Democrats to regain control of those states.
• Compromise of 1877 was an unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election.
• Land Bridge: Due to polar ice sheets, the ancestors of the Native Americans could walk on the ice from Siberia to Alaska
• Bering Strait: Once the land bridge submerged in water, the water area was called the Bering Strait
• Pueblo People: This group of people lived in the territory that would become the United States; called the Pueblo People of the desert southwest with their multi storey stone houses consisting of hundreds of rooms
• Chinook People: This group of people lived in the territory that would become the United States; called the Chinook People of the Pacific Northwest who subsisted on hunting and foraging
• Plain Indians: Nomadic Native Indians and on plains
• Maize: Native Americans relied on this staple crop which enabled stable economies and organized societies in Mesoamerica
• Columbian Exchange: Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a wide spread of exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and ideas
• Colonies: A territory settled and controlled by a foreign power; When Columbous arrived, Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies
• Conquistadors: People who collected and exported as much of the area’s wealth as possible, prosper from the natural resources and take over the Native American land and people
• Nullification: overriding federal laws; resolution went on to exercise this authority my claimed through nullification, declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts void
• Battle of Concord: British came to Concord where a much larger contingent of minutemen awaited
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Jefferson and Madison trying to preserve state’s rights, argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
• Republican Motherhood: mothers now expected to raise educated children who would contribute positively to the US
• Judicial review: the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution
• Madison: Jefferson refused to accept the appointments made and William Marbury sued State James Madison of refusing to certify his appointment to the federal branch
• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr: two men who ran the party nomination
• Marbury v
• Adams avoided a war which Hamilton wanted and negotiated a settlement with France; did not avoid the Quasi War
• Lewis and Clark: Jefferson sent explorers to investigate the
• As a result, formerly pro-French, the public turned anti-French
• John Adams: a federalist selected by the electoral college as Washington’s successor
• Twelfth Amendment: allowed electors to vote for a party ticket and allowed the vice president and the president to be from the same party
• Pickney was able to get the promise from Spain to try to prevent attacks on Western settlers from Natives
• Executive Privilege: HOR asked Washington to submit all documents about the treaty for consideration
• Was a hands off administrator, allowing Hamilton to take charge
• Adams changed their names to x,y, and z
• Madison established one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court: judicial review
• Essex Junto: New England federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared that more western states would become democratic; planned to secede from the US but the plan never fully materialized
• Alien and Sedition Acts: allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors for “scandalous and malicious writing”; were politically aimed at destroying new immigrants’ support for the Democratic-Republicans
• Midnight Appointments: John Adams appointed many people to fill government positions with as many Federalists as he could
• Each received an equal number of votes in the electoral college
• Napoleon was preparing for war and there was a slave revolt in Haiti against France
• Farewell Address: warned future presidents to steer clear of permanent alliances with foregin nations; warned americans against sectional divisions and political party conflict; promoted friendly relations with all nations but to avoid permanent alliances
• John Marshall: Chief Justice and federalist, he was sympathetic to Marbury and his decision in Marbury v