Bandura, Ross and Ross

• Who conducted the study on aggression through imitation?

  Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, Sheila Ross
• What was the main focus of Bandura's study?

  Transmission of aggression through imitation
• What are the key components of the study's background?

  • Influence of previous research on learning through observation
  • Interest in sex-appropriate behavior
  • Reward and punishment for gender-specific behaviors
  • Imitation of same-sex role models
• What factors were the researchers interested in regarding imitation?

  Sex of the role model and child
• What were the conditions of the experiment?

  • 36 girls and 36 boys aged 37-69 months
  • Divided into 8 groups of 6 children
  • Control group of 24 children
  • Four groups exposed to aggressive models, four to non-aggressive models
• How many children were in the control group?

  24 children
• How were the children allocated to conditions?

  To ensure equal aggression levels in groups
• Who rated the children's aggression?

  Experimenter and their teacher
• What was the procedure for introducing the role model?

  • Female experimenter brought each child to a room
  • Child played with toys at a table
  • Role model invited to play with toys in another corner
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of the study?

  Strengths:

  • Controlled environment
  • Clear observational data

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ethical concerns with aggression
  • Limited generalizability / demand characteristics
• What did the model do with the Bobo doll in the aggressive condition?

  The model played aggressively with the doll
• What aggressive actions did the model perform on the Bobo doll?

  The model punched, kicked, and struck the doll
• What phrases did the model repeat during the assault on the Bobo doll?

  ‘Kick him’ and ‘Pow’
• How long did the model play aggressively with the Bobo doll?

  About 1 minute
• What happened after the model left the room?

  Each child was taken to a different room
• What were the children told about the attractive toys?

  They were not to play with them anymore
• Why were children told not to play with the attractive toys?

  To ensure aggression was not controlled
• What type of toys were in the adjacent room?

  Mostly non-aggressive toys and the Bobo doll
• How long did each child remain in the room with the toys?

  20 minutes
• How was the children's behavior observed?

  Through a one-way mirror
• How frequently were the recordings analyzed?

  At 5-second intervals
• What types of behavior were recorded during the observation?

  Physical and verbal, aggressive and non-aggressive
• How were behaviors classified during the study?


  As 'imitative' or 'non-imitative'
• What does 'imitative' behavior refer to?

  Behavior copied directly from the role model
• What does 'non-imitative' behavior refer to?

  Novel/non-observed behavior displayed by the child
• What was the result for children exposed to the aggressive role model?

  They displayed more aggression than the control group
• What types of aggression did children imitate?

  Both physical and verbal aggression
• What does the study suggest about children's behavior?

  Children imitate aggression
• What did the study find about boys imitating same-sex aggressive role models?

  Boys were more likely to imitate physical aggression
• How did girls compare to boys in imitating verbal aggression?

  Girls were equally likely to imitate verbal aggression
• What non-aggressive behaviors did girls engage in more than boys?

  Playing with dolls and the tea set
• What non-aggressive behavior did boys engage in more than girls?

  Spending more time with a toy gun