B1

• Microscopy involves the use of two types of microscopes: the light microscope, which uses light to form an image and can be used to view live specimens, and the electron microscope, which uses electrons to form an image and cannot be used to view live specimens.
• The light microscope has a resolving fire of around 200 nanometers and can magnify up to 2,000 times.
• The electron microscope has a resolving fire of 0.2 nanometers and can magnify up to two million times.
• The cell membrane is the inner layer of the two layers that you can see in a plant cell.
• The nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains genetic material.
• The cytoplasm is a liquid gel that fills up the entire cell and is where chemical reactions occur.
• Xylem cells are responsible for the transport of water and minerals.
• Sieve cells are used for the transport of minerals.
• Specialized cells in plants include the guard cell, the root hair cell, the tracheid, the xylem cell, the phloem cell, and the sieve cell.
• Phloem cells contain sieve plates and companion cells.
• Tracheids are used for the transport of water.
• Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
• Root hair cells absorb water and mineral ions through them.
• The mitochondrion is where aerobic respiration occurs and releases energy for the cell.
• The ribosome's function is protein synthesis, which is a fancy way of saying making proteins.
• The nucleus, mitochondrion, and ribosome are all organelles that can be found in animal cells.
• The nucleus, mitochondrion, and ribosome are also organelles that can be found in plant cells.
• The chloroplast is a green blob that continues photosynthesis and is filled with chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
• Respiration happens continuously in cells, and aerobic respiration can occur when there's adequate oxygen present in the mitochondria of the cell.
• Respiration is an exothermic reaction that supplies all of the energy needed for living processes in organisms, including movement, keeping warm, and carrion.
• The cost of increasing the rate of photosynthesis includes the cost of electricity used by artificial lights.
• Artificial lights allow farmers and gardeners to extend the length of time that plants can photosynthesize by turning on lights after the Sun has gone down or when it is cloudy.
• The word equation for anaerobic respiration is pyruvate plus oxygen arrow lactate plus water.
• The word equation for aerobic respiration is glucose plus oxygen arrow carbon dioxide plus water.
• Active transport in the RIT's requires energy to bring mineral ions against a concentration gradient, supplying enough energy for all of these processes.
• Plants make glucose in the process of photosynthesis, which is used for various purposes such as fats and oils, starch, respiration, amino acids, and cellulose.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and can happen in our bodies when the muscles are working very hard, releasing less energy than in aerobic respiration because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete.
• Synthesis doesn't happen without light, so in natural conditions, plants only photosynthesize during daylight.
• The permanent vacuole is a big white blob that is filled with cell sap and helps keep the cell rigid because plants don't have skeletons.
• A red blood cell placed in an isotonic solution will not experience any net movement of water, as the two solutions are the same concentration.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane, and is a passive process because it happens down a concentration gradient and requires no extra energy.
• Osmosis occurs from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution, meaning the net movement of water is from the left side to the right side.
• A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will stretch and may even burst, as the water moves into the cell.
• Osmosis is important in animal cells for maintaining the correct concentration of solutes like glucose and salts inside the cell.
• In osmosis, the dilute side of the membrane has a higher concentration of water molecules, while the concentrated side has a lower concentration of water molecules.
• Active transport is the movement of substances from where they are in a low concentration to where they are in a high concentration, against the concentration gradient, and requires energy from respiration.
• A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and shrink, as the water moves out of the cell.
• In active transport, mineral ions move from a dilute solution in the soil into a more concentrated solution in the root hair cells, against the concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.
• Eventually, the water concentration will be equal on both sides of the membrane, and the water molecules will continue to move back and forth across the partially permeable membrane, but there will be no further net movement of water.
• The cell wall is the outer layer of the two layers that you can see in a plant cell.