Paper 1

• The different types of energy can be remembered by using Geeks Lunch.
• Gravitational potential energy, electrical energy, elastic potential energy, kinetic energy, sound energy, light energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy, as in batteries or food, are all types of energy.
• The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is only transformed into another type of energy.
• Kinetic energy is equal to half times mass times velocity squared and is measured in joules, half is just a number, mass is measured in kilograms and velocity is meters per second.
• Elastic potential energy is equal to half times the spring constant, times extension squared and is measured in joules, half is just a number, extension is measured in meters, and the spring constant is measured in newtons per meter.
• The cable is double encased in plastic, then encased in plastic, serving as another safety feature of the plug.
• Current is measured in amps.
• Mains electricity in the UK is 230 volts, 50 hertz.
• In a parallel circuit, the current on each branch is equal to the total current but the potential difference on each branch is the same.
• Charge equals current times time.
• Charge is measured in coulombs.
• The pins holding the cables in place are also safety features of the plug.
• Resistance is measured in ohms.
• Current in a series circuit is the same wherever you look at it.
• Inside a plug socket, there is a fuse, which has a very small bit of wire going through.
• To find the total resistance in a parallel circuit, you need to do one over the resistance on each branch.
• The fuse wire will melt if too much current goes through, serving as a safety feature of the plug.
• The live wire, the earth wire, and the neutral wire are all safety features of the plug.
• Time is measured in seconds.
• Potential difference is measured in volts.
• There are three current-potential difference graphs you're expected to recognize and draw.
• Potential difference equals current times resistance.
• Gravitational potential energy is equal to mass times gravity times height and is measured in joules, mass in measured in kilograms, gravitational field strength is 9.8 newtons per kilogram, and height is measured in meters.
• Change in thermal energy is equal to mass times the specific heat capacity times change in temperature and is measured in joules, mass is measured in kilograms, specific heat capacity is measured in joules per kilograms brace degrees C, and change in temperature is measured in degrees C.
• Power equals energy transferred over time and is measured in watts, with a capital W, energy transferred is measured in joules with a capital J, and time is measured in seconds with a small S.
• Power is equal to work done over time and is measured in watts, work done is measured in joules, time is measured in seconds.
• The disadvantage of using fossil fuels or nuclear power is that they take millions and millions of years to create so we are about to run out of them and they are very, very heavily polluting, releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, which contribute to climate change.
• New houses are built very energy efficient and old houses can be adapted to be very energy efficient, so we can have cavity wall insulation, double glazing, loft insulation, carpets, curtains, draft excluders, and a jacket around the hot water tank.
• Heat comes off and can be detected with an infrared camera.
• The disadvantage of renewable sources like the sun, wind, water, including tidal power, hydroelectric power, wave power, geothermal power is that they don't happen during night and aren't very good on cloudy days or wintry days.
• Generating electricity can be done with a renewable source like the sun, wind, water, or a finite source like coal, oil, gas, or nuclear power.
• Wasted energy dissipates into the surroundings, spreading out so much it can't be collected and used.
• The advantage of renewable sources like the sun, wind, water, including tidal power, hydroelectric power, wave power, geothermal power is that they don't release carbon dioxide and are generally non-polluting.
• Efficiency is equal to useful energy out over total energy in, and this can be expressed as a percentage or decimal.
• The advantage of using fossil fuels or nuclear power is that they are very, very readily available, it's a very, very cheap source of electricity, and things like coal power stations have a very short staff out time.
• While energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can be wasted, which is any energy that comes out of a situation that we didn't intend for it to be there.
• In a light bulb, electrical energy goes in, this is converted into light, heat and sound, with the light being the useful energy, and the heat and the sound being wasted energy.
• The model of the atom has changed a lot over time, and it's changed because we have new developments and new discoveries.
• Two isotopes of carbon have the same atomic number, six, but different mass numbers, which means each of them is going to have six protons and six electrons, but when it comes to the mass number, one of them has 12 minus six neutrons, and one of them has 14 minus six neutrons.
• An ion is going to have lost or gained electrons, so if it loses an electron, it is now charged and has created an ion.