Implications for Neurosurgery

• What is the role of the motor cortex?

  Controlling voluntary movements
• What does the term "invasive" mean in the context of neurosurgery?

  It requires opening the skull to access the brain.
• What are the main functions of the visual and motor cortices?

  • Visual cortex: Processes visual information
  • Motor cortex: Controls voluntary movements
• How do magnetic markers assist in surgery?

  They help locate lesions through imaging
• How does localisation aid in tumor removal during neurosurgery?

  It identifies the tumor's location to minimize damage
• Where is the visual cortex located?

  In the back of the brain
• How can the brain be compared to a city?

  It has different departments for various functions
• What might a neurosurgeon target to minimize damage to vision?

  A tumor near the visual cortex.
• Why is precise location important when removing a tumor near the motor cortex?

  To preserve motor skills during the procedure
• What are the two methods used for localizing breast lesions?

  Traditional surgical wire and magnetic markers
• What is one limitation of localization in surgical planning?

  Brain plasticity
• What is neurosurgery?

  It is a branch of medicine for brain surgery.
• What are the key aspects of neurosurgery?

  • Involves operating on the brain or spinal cord
  • Requires invasive procedures
  • Aims to treat various brain disorders
  • Utilizes localization of brain function for precision
• What is the role of the wire in surgical localization?

  It guides surgeons for accurate removal
• How does localization support surgical precision in breast surgery?

  By enabling accurate removal of breast masses
• What are the positive margin and re-excision rates for wired and non-wired methods?

  • Wired:
  • Positive Margin: 17% (12-23%)
  • Re-excision Rate: 10% (13-18%)
  • Non-Wired:
  • Positive Margin: 12% (6-22%)
  • Re-excision Rate: 13% (9-19%)
• What is deep brain stimulation (DBS) used for?

  To regulate neurological activity in specific brain regions
• Why is neurosurgery performed?

  To treat various brain disorders.
• What is the primary benefit of localising brain functions in neurosurgery?

  It allows neurosurgical precision
• What is the role of the visual cortex?

  Processing what you see
• What are the applications of localisation in neurosurgical procedures?

  • Tumor removal: Minimizes damage to surrounding areas
  • Epilepsy treatment: Reduces seizures without affecting functions
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS): Regulates neurological activity for conditions like Parkinson's
• Why might removing a language area not fully disrupt language processing?

  Other regions can compensate for the loss
• Where is the motor cortex located?

  In the front of the brain
• How does localization of brain function assist neurosurgeons?

  It helps pinpoint specific brain areas for treatment.
• How does brain plasticity affect localization?

  It can change function assignments, making localization imprecise
• What is the purpose of using localization methods in breast surgery?

  To ensure precise removal of lesions
• What does localisation of brain function mean?

  Different brain parts control specific behaviours
• What is the goal of precise surgical resection in epilepsy treatment?

  To reduce seizures without affecting essential functions
• What are the limitations of localization in surgical planning?

  • Brain plasticity can lead to imprecise localization
  • Functional overlap means multiple areas are involved in behaviors
• What is meant by functional overlap in the brain?

  Many behaviors involve multiple brain areas