Booklet 2

• In what ways was Italy's victory in WW1 considered a mutilated victory?

  1) Italy failed to gain a lot of land promised in the ToL (Treaty of London) .2) Italians were angry that they didn't get any of Germany's colonies in Africa .3) Only gained some territories but not Fiume.
• What territories did Italy gain following the First World War?

  1) Trentino 2) Trieste 3) Istria 4) Brenner. But NOT Fiume.
• What even occurred as a resulted of the nationalists' frustration at the mutilated victory?

  Occupation of Fiume.
• When did the Occupation of Fiume occur?


  1919.
• What was the 1919 Occupation of Fiume?


  1) Poet, Gabrielle D'Annunzio led a small force to sieze the irredente land of Fiume on 12th September 1919 .2) Out of fear, the Italian government didn't act for 15 months, until the Navy removed the force on Christmas Day .3) It demonstrated the inability of the liberals to deal with fascists and inspired Mussolini.
• What was unemployment in 1919?

  2 million.
• What was the national debt in 1918?


  85 billion lira.
• What social and economic problems faced the middle classes?


  1) Saw workers gaining at their expense and didn't have trade unions to represent them. 2) They wanted a party to represent their interests against big business and workers.
• What social and economic problems faced the industrialists?

  1) Resented the success of the socialists in gaining power .2) Feared a loss of political power and the peasants beginning to take control of the land .3) Amplified the notion of a 'red threat.
• What social and economic problems faced those living in rural areas?


  1) Returning soldiers occupied the lands of large estates. 2) Peasants had profited from war enough to buy the land that they farmed. 3) Labourers came under control of labour leagues and rural trade unions. 4) Giolitti gave the impression of wanting to help the peasants.
• What was the Biennio Rosso?

  1919-1920, it was a period of violence and civil unrest.
• How many people died in fascist-socialist clashes between 1919 and 1922?


  2000.
• What amount of municipal governments were controlled by socialists in the Biennio Rosso (1919-1920)?


  1/2.
• What had membership of the socialist party risen to during the Biennio Rosso?

  Over 200,000.
• How many people were involved in industrial action in 1920?


  Urban workers: 1,268,000 Agricultural workers: 1,046,000
• How many strikes were there in 1919?


  Urban : 1,663 Agricultural: 208.
• For what reasons was the Biennio Rosso not very serious?

  1) 1920 - after 1920 there was a sharp decline in the number of strikes. 2) The General Strike of August 1922 lasted only 1 day .3) There was a lack of national coordination, each municipality protested in their own way. 4) Governments gave in to the demands of the socialists.
• What did the Biennio Rosso show about the liberals?

  1) They had seemingly lost control of the country. 2) The liberal government were willing to give in to the demands of the socialists.
• How did the PSI do in the 1919 elections?

  Votes: 32% Seats: 156 Change: +104
• How did the Giolitti liberals do in the 1919 elections?


  Votes: 8.6% Seats: 41 Change: -229.
• How did the Democratic Liberal Party do in the 1919 elections?


  Votes: 15.9% Seats: 96 Change: new.
• How did the Social Democratic Party do in the 1919 elections?

  Votes: 10.9% Seats: 60 Change: new.
• How did the Italian People's Party do in the 1919 elections?

  Votes: 20.5% Seats: 100 Change: new.
• What changes occurred to the franchise in the 1919 elections?

  1) Franchise increased by 11 million .2) Universal male suffrage .3) Proportional representation introduced .4) Populari party was authorised by the Pope to participate in elections.
• What party formed a government after the 1919 elections?

  Despite the PSI achieving the most votes at 32%, they did not win a majority, so the Giolitti liberals formed a coalition government with the liberals as no one would work with the socialists.