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Cards (56)
what tool could be used to record the abundance of different plant species in a habitat?
a
quadrat
what tool could be used to record the abundance of different flying insect species in a habitiat?
a
sweep net
what tool could be used to record the abundance of different small crawling animal species in a habitat?
a
pitfall trap
describe the mark-release-recapture method
use a
trap
to
capture
some animals
mark
the
captured
animals
release
the animals
set up
the
trap
again in a couple of
days
note the
number
of animals in the
recapture
and the
number
of those that are
marked
five negative impacts that humans have on the environment
hunting
deforestation
pollution
land use
pesticides
five positive impacts that humans have on the environment
sustainable farming
captive breeding programmes
creating
nature reserves
recycling
preserving
habitats
biodiversity
the
variety
in all the
species
living in an
ecosystem
three benefits to maintaining biodiversity
ecotourism
provides
money
for the
local economy
it can
prevent extinction
some
animals
or
plants
may have useful
medicinal properties
two challenges to maintaining biodiversity
it is sometimes
difficult
to gain
political agreement
on
policies
maintaining
biodiversity
is
expensive
how can changes in water levels affect ecosystems?
animals may have to
migrate
to find
water
melting ice caps
may destroy the
habitats
of some animals (either animals living in
icy
regions or by
sea level rise
)
how can atmospheric gases affect ecosystems?
some organisms cannot
survive
when certain
gases
are
present
polluted water
can cause
illness
to
animals
that
drink
it
five factors that affect food security
the
human population size
the
number
of
pests
and
pathogens
global warming
and
climate change
wealthier parts of the population requiring a
larger variety
of food
the
high cost
of
farming methods
hydroponics
growing plants
in
nutrient mediums
other than
soil
biological control
controlling pests
by
deliberately
introducing
natural predators
of the
pest
how can gene technology help agriculture?
beneficial genes for
pest resistance
or the ability to
grow
in
harsher conditions
could be introduced
how can fertilisers and pesticides help agriculture?
pesticides
kill pests
that could
harm
the
growth
of the
plant
fertilisers provide the plant with all the
nutrients
it needs so that it can
grow
more
quickly
describe how selective breeding is carried out
animals with the
desired traits
are chosen
these animals are
bred together
repeat
the process until the offspring have the
desired traits
genetic engineering
altering
the
genome
of an
organism
how are new genes introduced into an organism?
the organism's genes are cut using
restriction enzymes
to create
sticky ends
the
dna
from a
bacterium
is also cut to produce
sticky ends
the gene is
inserted
into the
bacteria
along with an
antibiotic resistance gene
antibiotics
are used to
remove
the
bacteria
that do not have the
new genes
transgenic
organism
an
organism
that contains
foreign dna
two advantages of genetically modified crops
better crop
yields
food will last
longer
and
taste
better
two disadvantages of genetically modified crops
new
genes
can easily
spread
to other
plants
in the
environment
we don't know what
long term
effects
genetically modified crops
cause on
health
what is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
communicable
diseases are diseases that can be
spread
non-communicable
diseases cannot be
spread
health
a state of complete
physical
,
mental
and
social well-being
(as defined by the
World Health Organization WHO
)
pathogen
a
microorganism
that causes
disease
why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis?
people with HIV have a
weaker immune system
and so are
more susceptible
to
infection
with
tuberculosis
What can HPV lead to?
HPV
can lead to certain types of
cervical cancer
five ways diseases can be spread
droplet infection
eating contaminated food
drinking contaminated water
direct contact
entry
through
wounds
three ways the spread of diseases can be reduced
visual identification
of the disease
DNA identification
of the disease
screening
with
antibodies
associated with the disease
describe one bacterial disease that affects humans
salmonella
(
food poisoning
)
transmitted by
ingesting
infected foods
symptoms -
fever
,
sickness
and
diarrhea
describe one bacterial disease that affects plants
crown gall disease
(
agrobacterium tumefaciens
)
transmitted through
cuts
in the
stems
of plants
symptoms -
tumor type growths
describe one viral disease that affects humans
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
transmitted through
bodily fluids
and is commonly spread through
sexual activities
symptoms - a
rash
and a
fever
like symptoms
describe one viral disease that affects plants
tobacco mosaic virus
(
TMV
)
transmitted through
direct contact
symptoms -
spots
and a
yellow
coloured
mosaic
pattern
describe one fungal disease that affects humans
athlete's foot
transmitted through
direct contact
or
contact
with
skin particles
symptoms -
dry
and
cracking skin
between
toes
describe one fungal disease that affects plants
erysiphe graminis
(
barley powdery mildew
)
transmitted through
vectors
like
acids
in
damp
and
cold
environment
symptoms -
powdery growth
and
yellowing
on the
opposite
side of the leaf
two physical plant defenses against disease
thick cell wall
waxy cuticle
how do plants use chemical defences to prevent disease?
plants contain
anti-microbial chemicals
that can
slow
the
spread
of or
kill bacteria
three ways plant diseases can be identified
analysng DNA
to see whether the plant contains any
pathogen DNA
antigen detection
to find any
foreign antigens
present in the plant
observation
of
symptoms
function of platelets
platelets are
small fragments
of
cells
that are involved in
blood clotting
function of white blood cells
white
blood cells are involved in
phagocytosis
and some
white
blood cells produce
antibodies
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