PHARMACOGNOSY

• Babylonians

  • Laws of Hammurabi (772 BC)
• Ayurveda (2500 BC)

  • Traditional medicine
• Charaka samhita

  Text on internal medicine
• Egyptians: (Ebers papyrus – 1150 BC)
• Dioscorides

  • wrote “De Materia Medica”
• Claudius Galen

  • Described methods and processes of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drug.
  • FATHER OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING
• C.A. Seydler = coined the term, “pharmacognosy” from “pharmakon”

  and “gnosis” in Analecta Pharmacognistica
• JA Schmidt

  • used the word, “pharmacognosy”; Lehr Buch de Materia Medica; described study of medicinal plants and their properties.
• Pelletier and Caventou discovered Quinine
• Friedrich Serturner disocovered Morphine
• Crude Drugs = Vegetable or animal drugs consists of natural substances that had undergone only the processes of collection and

  drying
• Natural Substances = Formed in nature
• Derivatives or extracts = Chief principle or constituents of crudes drugs that are separated and used in a specific manner
• Menstruum = mixture used to extract active principle
• Marc = Undissolved portion of the drug that remarks after extraction

  process is completed
• METHODS OF EXTRACTION

  1. Infusion = Hot water
  2. Maceration = Soaked in solvent for long period of time
  3. Percolation = passage through percolator (ex. Simple Syrup USP)
  4. Digestion
  5. Decoction = Boiling water
  6. Liquid-liquid extraction = Partitioning
  7. Distillation
• Indigenous Plants

  • Plants growing in their native countries
• Naturalized Plants

  • Plants grow in foreign land other than their native homes
• PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

  1. Collection
  2. Harvesting
  3. Drying
  4. Curing
  5. Garbling
  6. Packaging
  7. Storage
  8. Preservation
• Classification of Drugs

  1. Alphabetical
  2. Morphological
  3. Taxonomic
  4. Therapeutic/Pharmacologic
  5. Chemical
• cannabidiol – plant is young

  cannabinol – mature plant
• MONOSACCHARIDES

  simplest carbohydrate unit
• 2 carbons: Diose

  • hydroxyacetaldehyde

  3 carbons: Triose

  • dihydroxyacetone
  • glyceraldehyde

  4 carbons: Tetrose

  • erythrose

  5 carbons: Pentose

  • Arabinose, xylose and ribose

  6 carbons: Hexose

  • glucose, fructose galactose
• Xylose

  • “Wood sugar”
  • diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption
• Glucose

  • aka Dextrose, Blood Sugar, Grape Sugar, Physiologic Sugar
• Fructose

  • Ketohexose
  • aka Levulose, Fruit sugar
• Galactose

  Aldohexose

  “Brain Sugar”
• Sucrose

  • "Table sugar"
  • Obtained from: Saccharum officianarum (sugar cane)
• Molasses

  • residual dark colored syrup after complete crystallization of

  sucrose
• Maltose

  • malt sugar
• Lactose

  • milk sugar
• Lactulose

  • fructose + galactose, β-1,4 bond
• Cherry Juice

  • ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)
• Alcohol/Ethanol

  • 95% ethanol by volume 15.56°C
• Alcohol/Ethanol

  Low conc. – CNS stimulant

  High conc. – CNS depressant
• Brandy – wine

  Whiskey – malted grain

  Rhum – molasses

  Diluted Alcohol – 48.4-49.5% ethanol at 15.56%°C
• Mannitol

  • Osmotic diuretic and osmotic laxative, GFR
• Sorbitol

  • aka D-glucitol; tastes ½ sweet as sugar
• Homoglycans

  Polysaccharides that yield one type of monosaccharide unit

  upon hydrolysis
• Starch – temporary storage form of photosynthetic products