⚡️6. Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation

• What is the process that forms large quantities of ATP by oxidation of hydrogen?

  Oxidative phosphorylation
• How much ATP is formed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule?

  Four ATP molecules
• What percentage of total ATP from glucose metabolism is formed during hydrogen oxidation?

  Almost 90 percent
• What is the principal function of earlier stages of glucose metabolism?

  To make hydrogen available for oxidation
• Where does the oxidation of hydrogen occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What happens to each hydrogen atom during oxidation?

  It splits into a hydrogen ion and an electron
• What is formed when hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions combine?

  Water
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  Formation of ATP through oxidation of hydrogen
• What mechanism is used for oxidative phosphorylation?

  Chemiosmotic mechanism
• What is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Ionization of hydrogen atoms
• What does NAD+ form when it combines with hydrogen?

  Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
• What is the role of the electron transport chain?

  To shuttle electrons and release energy
• What are some important members of the electron transport chain?

  Flavoprotein, cytochromes, ubiquinone
• What does cytochrome A3 do in the electron transport chain?

  Reduces elemental oxygen to form ionic oxygen
• What happens during the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain?

  Energy is released to synthesize ATP
• What is created by pumping hydrogen ions into the outer chamber of the mitochondrion?

  A high concentration of hydrogen ions
• What is the role of ATPase in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Converts ADP into ATP
• How does ATPase convert ADP into ATP?

  By combining ADP with a free phosphate radical
• How is ATP transferred from the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm?

  By facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion
• How many ATP molecules are synthesized for each two electrons passing through the electron transport chain?

  Up to three ATP molecules