Digestion and absorbtion

• Where does the digestion of carbohydrates primarily take place?

  Mouth and small intestine
• What enzyme is released in the mouth to begin carbohydrate digestion?

  Salivary amylase
• What does salivary amylase hydrolyse starch into?

  Maltose
• Where are membrane-bound disaccharidases located?

  Ileum epithelial lining cells
• Where is amylase produced that further hydrolyses remaining starch?

  Pancreas
• What is the function of maltase?

  Hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds from starch to form glucose
• What enzyme hydrolyses sucrose?

  Sucrase
• What products are formed when sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose?

  Glucose and fructose
• What enzyme hydrolyses lactose?

  Lactase
• What products are formed when lactase hydrolyzes lactose?

  Glucose and galactose
• Where does lipid digestion primarily take place?

  Small intestine
• What process do lipids undergo before being hydrolysed?

  Emulsification
• What substance emulsifies lipids?

  Bile salts
• What enzyme hydrolyses lipid micelles?

  Lipase
• What products are formed when lipase hydrolyses lipids?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• Where are endopeptidases produced?

  Stomach and small intestine
• What do endopeptidases hydrolyse?

  Peptide bonds on the center of proteins
• What product is formed when endopeptidases hydrolyse proteins?

  Polypeptides
• Where do exopeptidases act?

  Small intestine
• What do exopeptidases hydrolyse?

  Bonds at the end of peptide chains
• What product is formed when exopeptidases hydrolyse peptide chains?

  Dipeptides
• Where are dipeptidases located?

  Epithelial cell membrane
• What do dipeptidases hydrolyse?

  Dipeptides
• What product is formed when dipeptidases hydrolyse dipeptides?

  Amino acids
• What is the longest part of the digestive system?

  Small intestine
• What are the walls of the ileum made up of?

  Villi made up of epithelial cells
• How do most amino acids enter the ileum epithelial cells?

  Via co-transport
• What ion is co-transported with amino acids?

  Sodium ions
• How do amino acids enter the blood from epithelial cells?

  Via facilitated diffusion
• How do monosaccharides enter the blood?

  Same way as amino acids
• What do lipids break down into in the small intestine?

  Glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids
• How do glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids enter epithelial cells?

  Via simple diffusion
• How do fatty acids and monoglycerides travel to the epithelial cell?

  Associate with bile salts
• Where do most glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids move to after entering epithelial cells?

  Endoplasmic reticulum
• What are glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids converted into in the endoplasmic reticulum?

  Triglycerides
• Which two organelles work together to form chylomicrons?

  Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
• What are chylomicrons made of?

  Triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins
• How are chylomicrons released from the epithelial cell?

  Via exocytosis
• Where do chylomicrons enter after leaving the epithelial cell?

  Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)
• Why do chylomicrons enter lacteals instead of blood capillaries?

  They are too big