Nervous system

• What type of cells are neurons found in?

  Animal cells
• What do neurons pass?

  Nerve impulses
• Can motor neurons be myelinated?

  Yes
• What determines whether a motor neuron is myelinated or non-myelinated?

  Whether it has a myelin sheath
• What must a receptor do first to get a response from an effector?

  Detect a stimulus
• What is the action potential defined as?

  Maximum positive charge inside the axon
• What moves through receptors down an axon?

  The movement of charge
• What triggers an action potential?

  Positive charge of nerve impulses arriving
• What causes the opening of voltage gated sodium channels?

  Positive charge of nerve impulses arriving
• What does the opening of voltage gated sodium channels allow?

  More sodium ions to enter
• What causes the concentration gradient across a neuron's axon?

  Sodium and potassium ions
• What type of gradient is created by sodium and potassium ions?

  Electrochemical gradient
• What enables the facilitated diffusion of sodium and potassium ions?

  Voltage gated ion channels
• What is the general charge outside of a neuron's axon at resting potential?

  More positive
• What maintains the electrochemical gradient?

  Sodium potassium pump
• What is hydrolyzed to give energy for cotransport in the sodium potassium pump?

  ATP
• How many sodium ions does the sodium potassium pump transport out of the axon?

  Three
• How many potassium ions does the sodium potassium pump transport into the axon?

  Two
• What is the result of the sodium potassium pump transporting ions?

  A positive charge outside the axon
• What does an action potential in one area of the axon cause?

  Sodium ions to move
• What does the movement of sodium ions cause in the neighboring area of the axon?

  Depolarization
• What does depolarization trigger in the neighboring area of the axon?

  An action potential
• What is the speed at which an action potential travels called?

  Speed of conductance
• What happens to the area behind an action potential in a non-myelinated axon?

  Resets to a resting potential
• What is one factor that affects speed of conductance?

  Axon diameter
• How does axon diameter affect speed of conductance?

  Larger diameter means lower resistance, faster speed
• What other factor affects speed of conductance?

  Temperature
• What is the effect of resting potentials being maintained on conductance?

  Action potentials triggered more easily, greater speed
• How does temperature affect speed of conductance?

  Greater temperature means greater speed
• What is it known as when an action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next?

  Saltatory conduction
• What is the refractory period?

  Time period axon is hyperpolarized
• What state are voltage-gated sodium channels in during the refractory period?

  Closed
• What state are potassium channels in during the refractory period?

  Open
• What cannot be generated during the refractory period?

  Action potential
• What does the refractory period ensure?

  Unidirectional movement and discrete impulses
• What will a stronger stimulus result in?

  Greater frequency of action potentials
• What limits the frequency of action potentials?

  The length of its refractory period
• What is a synapse?

  Junction transferring action potential
• What type of synapse is made up of a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron separated by a synaptic cleft?

  Chemical synapse
• What does the synaptic knob contain?

  Synaptic vesicles and mitochondria