Molecular Biology

• Photosynthesis is a process where the light obtained from the sun, along with some raw materials, are eventually converted into glucose and oxygen.
• The raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, while the products are glucose and oxygen.
• Plants have various parts that take part in light capturing, such as modified stems and roots, but the principal organ for photosynthesis is the leaf.
• On the undersurface of leaves, the stomata functions for the facilitation of the entry of carbon dioxide and exit of oxygen.
• Leaves contain cells that have chloroplast in them.
• The chloroplast is the organelle of the plant cells that are known to contain pigment which absorbs sunlight, making photosynthesis possible.
• The codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine, serving as the starting codon for translation.
• Termination codons are another name for stop codons.
• Stop codons are UAG, UGA, and UAA.
• The reading frame of mRNA is established by the start codon.
• The mRNA molecule is read codon by codon until it reaches a stop codon.
• After that, the next three letters are read as the third codon, and so on.
• The next three letters are read as the second codon after the AUG start codon.
• The reading frame is the way the letters are divided into codons.
• Within chloroplasts are different structures that help in the processing of the raw materials of photosynthesis.
• The structures of the chloroplast are the following: Thylakoids – disc-like structures, Grana – stack of thylakoids, Stroma – fluid-filled space around the grana, Thylakoid Space - space inside the thylakoids, Chlorophyll – pigment that absorbs light.
• The absorption of light energy is made possible by the pigments found in the chloroplasts of leaf cells.
• Genetic information is stored in the form of DNA (and RNA to some extent).
• Scientists have learned a great deal as to how the genetic blueprints encoded in DNA are capable of replication, expression, and mutation since the rediscovery of Mendel's work in the 1900s.
• Replication and transcription take place within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus.
• DNA Replication
• Biological inheritance is based on replication, which duplicates the DNA of a cell.
• Proteins are not involved in storing genetic information.
• RNA is not limited to the nucleus; it is found both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cells.
• RNA plays a crucial role in carrying genetic information, especially in certain types like messenger RNA (mRNA) that carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• The DNA alphabet (A, T, C, G), the RNA alphabet (A, U, C, G), and the polypeptide alphabet (A, U, C, G) make up the genetic code (20 amino acids).
• Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded, and it contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
• These sequences can then be transcribed into mRNA and translated into proteins, which control practically all of the cell's functions.
• Proteins are responsible for practically all of the cell's functions.
• Genes are made up of DNA and are arranged in a linear pattern on chromosomes.
• Protein-coding genes code for amino acid sequences, which are the building blocks of proteins.
• All cells use replication, transcription, and translation to keep track of their genetic information and turn genetic information encoded in DNA into gene products, which are either RNAs or proteins depending on the gene.
• Translation takes place in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus.
• The four nucleotides of DNA — A, T, C, G — can generate sequences of DNA called genes that specify tens of thousands of polymers of amino acids.
• Protein-coding genes, as well as the proteins that their gene products produce, are vital for life as we know it.
• Structure and regulatory RNAs are encoded by some genes.
• There is increasing evidence from research that profiles the transcriptome of cells (the complete set all RNA transcripts present in a cell) that these may be the largest classes of RNAs produced by eukaryotic cells, far outnumbering the protein-encoding messenger RNAs (mRNAs), but the 20,000 protein-encoding genes typically found in animal cells, and the 30,000 protein-encoding genes typically found in plant cells.
• Enzymes, a type of protein, function as catalysts in biological reactions, speeding up the rate of these reactions.
• RNA stands for "Ribonucleic Acid" and is a molecule involved in various biological roles, including protein synthesis.
• Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon for the amino acid it carries.