A level Biology AQA

• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
• Biological molecules are the building blocks of life and are essential for the structure and function of cells.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
• The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment.
• Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
• Transport in animals is the process by which substances are moved throughout the body to meet the metabolic needs of cells.
• Exchange surfaces are specialized structures that allow for the efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between an organism and its environment.
• Transport in plants occurs through two main systems: the xylem and the phloem.
• Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
• Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist or defend against harmful microorganisms or toxins.
• Enzymes are proteins that are made up of long chains of amino acids.
• Enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape that allows them to bind to specific substrates.
• The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site.
• Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
• Enzymes are not consumed or permanently changed during a reaction and can be reused.
• Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a nucleus.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains the genetic material.
• The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles.
• The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and produce energy through cellular respiration.
• There are four main types of biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are used for energy storage and structural support.
• Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that are important for energy storage, insulation, and the formation of cell membranes.
• Proteins are made up of amino acids and have a wide range of functions, including enzyme catalysis, structural support, and transport of molecules.
• Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
• There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells.
• Mitosis is involved in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
• Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction.
• Phospholipids are the main components of the cell membrane, forming a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
• Integral proteins are embedded within the cell membrane and can act as transporters, channels, or receptors.
• Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the surface of the cell membrane and can act as enzymes or provide structural support.
• The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins and other molecules floating within the phospholipid bilayer.
• Passive transport does not require energy and includes processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
• The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products in animals.
• In vertebrates, the circulatory system consists of a heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• The heart pumps blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients, to the body tissues.
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues.
• Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body tissues.