AO3

• One limitation of reduced cues theory is that online nonverbal cues are different rather than absent


  Walther and Tidwell point out that people in online interactions use other cues, such as style and timing of messages. For instance, taking time to reply to a social media status update may be a more intimate act than an immediate response. But taking too much time could be interpreted as a snub. So there are nuances in virtual relationships that are just as subtle as FtF relationships.
• Who pointed out that online cues which anre different to FtF cues are used?

  Walther et al.
• Who conducted a meta analysis which challenged the hyperpersonal mode?

  Ruppel et al.
• What did Ruppel et al. do and find?

  Carried out a meta-analysis of 25 studies that compared self disclosures in FtF and virtual interactions. Self-report studies showed greater self-disclosure in FtF interactions (frequency, breadth and depth). Experimental groups showed no significant differences
• How does Ruppel et al. ‘s study contradict the hyperpersonal model?

  It suggests that virtual relationships do not necessarily lead to more or deeper self-disclosures than FtF ones
• Who provided evidence that FtF and virtual relationships differ in the type of self-disclosure used?

  Joinson
• Joinson suggested 2 different types of self-disclosures used in virtual relationships.

  1. Hyperhonest self-disclosure: direct and intimate discussions often found in online conversations
  2. Hyperdishonest self-disclosure: when people invent attractive personal qualities for their online dating profiles
• Who studied the impact of virtual relationships on shy, lonely and socially anxious people?

  McKenna and Bargh
• What percentage of romantic relationships formed by shy people online survived at least two years in McKenna and Bargh’s study?

  71 %
• Percentage of relationships formed shy people formed in the offline world that lasted at least 2 years?

  49 %
• The hyperpersonal model and absence of gating fail to take into account that all relationships are multimodal. We conduct relationships both online and offline rather than ‘either/or’. What we choose to disclose in virtual relationships is influenced by our offline interactions and vice versa