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• Glycerin, gum syrup & Brun's solution merely improve refractive index.
• Dioxane is a dehydrating and clearing agent that can break down to produce compounds which will interfere with staining procedures.
• Cedarwood oil becomes milky upon prolonged storage.
• Methyl benzoate/salicylate is used for double embedding.
• Tetrahydrofuran is a dehydrating and clearing agent that is non-toxic but has an offensive odor and should be used in a well-ventilated room.
• Chloroform is relatively toxic to the liver after prolonged inhalation.
• Celloidin requires 5 - 6 days for clearing.
• Clove oil is slow and difficult to use for wax impregnation.
• Clove oil causes tissues to become brittle, aniline dyes to be removed, and celloidin to be dissolved.
• Tissues may be left in oil indefinitely without considerable damage and distortion.
• Aniline oil has the ability to clear 70% alcohol without excessive tissue shrinkage and hardening.
• Chloroform does not make tissues transparent.
• Orange oil based clearing agents are excellent for preserving fine tissue structure, and can often be used in place of xylene with no alteration of protocol.
• Chromatin - made up of chromosomes
• Nucleolus - site of ribosome synthesis
• Cytoplasm - jelly-like substance surrounding the nucleus
• Nucleolus - darkly stained region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs
• Golgi apparatus - modifies proteins produced by rough ER
• Smooth ER - not studded with ribosomes; involved in lipid metabolism
• Mitochondria - double membrane-bound structures responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration
• Eosin stains cytoplasmic components pink or red
• Hematoxylin is used to stain nuclei
• The purpose of the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain is to differentiate between cell types based on their nuclear characteristics, such as size, shape, and chromatin distribution.
• Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol.
• Hematoxylin stains cellular DNA blue to purple
• Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol.
• The three types of lipids include fatty acids (FAs), triglycerides (TGs), and phospholipids (PLs).
• Chromatin - DNA wrapped around histone proteins
• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular debris and foreign substances.
• The Golgi complex consists of cisternae, which are flattened sacs that modify proteins.
• Proteins can be classified into two categories: fibrous proteins and globular proteins.
• Peroxisomes are small organelles found in most eukaryotic cells and play a role in detoxification processes.
• Histones are positively charged proteins that bind negatively charged DNA molecules together into compact structures called chromatin.
• Glycogen is stored in liver cells and muscle cells.
• Nucleus - contains genetic material and controls cellular activities
• Glycogen is stored in liver cells and muscle cells.
• Eosin stains lipid droplets orange to red
• Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide that can be found within cells.
• Glycogen is stored in cells as an energy reserve.
• Nuclear envelope - double membrane that surrounds nucleus