Fitness and Body Systems

• Give an example and the range of movement in the pivot joint

  Axis and atlas

  Responsible for rotation
• Give an example and range of movement at Hinge joint

  
  

  Knee/elbow and ankle

  
  

  responsible for flexion/extension
• Give an example and range of movement at ball and socket joint.

  Hip and shoulders

  
  

  Abduction-adduction
• Give an example of condyloid joints

  Carpals , tarsals and wrists
• give an example and function of long bone

  Long bones provide leverage for movement

  E.g , femur
• Give an example and function of short bone

  short bones offer stability

  E.g, carpals and tarsals
• What are examples and functions of irregular bones?

  They offer protection and support

  E.g, vertebrae and pelvis
• give 2 examples and a function of flat bones

  They protect vital organs

  E.g, Cranium protects skull

  Ribcage protects lungs
• Whats a cardiac muscle?

  A muscle found in the wall of the heart
• When a weightlifter performs a bicep curl at the gym which muscle is the agonist and which muscle the antagonist?


  Agonist: Biceps Antagonist: Triceps
• At which joint does the bicep contract?

  Elbow
• Which muscle is the antagonistic pair to the latissimus dorsi and what 2 movements occur


  Obliques

  Movements: abduction and adduction
• what 2 movement occur between the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius and at which joint?

  Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion at the ankle joint.
• What 2 movements occur between the quadriceps and hamstring and at which joint?

  Flexion and extension at the knee
• Why are tendons important to athletes? Provide sporting example

  They attach muscle to bone

  
  

  This helps the movement of skeleton

  throughout a game.

  
  

  when a footballer is booting the ball the quadriceps extends and the hamstring flexes at the knee.
• What is the difference between fast twitch muscle fibre (type IIa) and fast twitch muscle fibres (Type IIx)

  Type IIa muscle fibres contain anaerobic and some aerobic properties. They are more resistant to Fatigue

  
  

  Type IIx muscle fibres are fully anaerobic. they are faster and more poweful than IIa fibres . they are less resistant to fatigue
• Give sports that use type IIx muscle fibres

  100m sprint , high jump
• Give sports that use type IIa muscle fibres

  Football , basketball , rugby
• First class lever occurs in which movement of what sport?

  Raising your head to head a football
• State the Fulcrum , load and effort of first class lever.

  Fulcrum: found in neck when headering the ball

  
  

  Effort: neck muscles contracting

  
  

  Load : weight of head
• The second class lever occurs in what movement of what sport ?

  getting ankle in position for takeoff during long jump
• State the fulcrum, load and effort of second class lever?

  Fulcrum : bottom of foot

  
  

  Load: bodyweight

  
  

  Effort : force produced at gastrocnemius
• Third class lever occurs in what movement of what sport?

  Bicep curl during resistance training
• State the fulcrum , load and effort of third class lever

  Elbow joint is the fulcrum

  
  

  bicep contraction is the effort

  
  

  weight of forearm is the load
• whats the purpose of a warm up during pre exercise?

  To increase elasticity of the muscles to prevent injury
• What is the purpose of a cool down post exercise?

  To repay oxygen debt
• State the purpose and sports example of Stimulants for athletes?

  Purpose: Increase alertness and reduce fatigue. Example: swimming
• state the 2 purposes and sports example of diuretics

  .used so athletes fully excrete unwanted nutrients for quicker weight loss

  
  

  . Also used to mask appearance of other PEDs

  
  

  used by boxers
• state a risk of using diuretics

  Dehydration
• state the benefits and sports example of an athlete using EPOs (blood doping)

  More oxygen transported to working muscles reducing fatigue

  
  

  
  

  E.g, cycling and marathon running
• State the benefits narcotic analgesics provide athletes and sports examples

  painkillers used to block pain signals from reaching nervous system.

  
  

  e.g, boxing and rugby
• What is a risk of an athlete using narcotic analgesics?

  Increased trauma
• State the purpose and sports example of beta blockers

  prevents adrenaline and lowers heart rate to calm athlete

  
  

  diving snooker
• at which part of the respiratory system does gas exchange occur?

  Alveoli
• What is inspired and what is expired during aerobic respiration?

  Inspired: Oxygen Expired: Carbon dioxide
• What is a by product of respiration?

  Carbon dioxide
• What toxic chemical is produced by the body after high-intensity exercise?

  Lactic acid
• state 2 short term effects exercise has on the respiratory system

  increased breathing rate

  Increased tidal volume
• State 2 short term effect exercise has on the cardiovascular system

  Increased heart rate

  Increased cardiac output
• What is the stroke volume?

  Volume of blood the heart pumps per beat