Experimental Methods

• What is the difference between aims and hypotheses?

  Aims state the purpose; hypotheses predict outcomes
• What are the two types of hypotheses mentioned?

  Directional and non-directional
• What is the role of variables in research?

  To manipulate and control factors in an experiment
• What are the types of variables in an experiment?

  Independent, dependent, extraneous, confounding
• What does operationalisation of variables mean?

  Making variables measurable for testing
• What is an aim in research?

  It identifies the purpose of the investigation
• How can an aim be expressed?

  As a straightforward expression of intent
• What is a variable in an experiment?

  A factor that can be manipulated or measured
• What are independent and dependent variables?

  IV is manipulated; DV is measured
• What does the term "levels of IV" refer to?

  The different conditions of the independent variable
• How can creativity be operationalised in research?

  By measuring the number of ideas generated
• What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternate hypothesis?

  Null states no effect; alternate predicts an effect
• What should you never use in a correlational hypothesis?

  The words cause, effect, difference
• What is the formula for a non-directional hypothesis?

  There will be a difference in the DV when IV1 compared to IV2
• What is the formula for a directional hypothesis?

  There will be a significant increase/decrease in the DV when IV1 compared to IV2
• How can you operationalise a dependent variable in a hypothesis?

  By specifying a measurable outcome
• What is the significance of operationalising the DV in a hypothesis?

  It ensures the variable can be precisely tested
• What is the significance of using a directional hypothesis in research?

  It is based on previous research findings
• What is the formula for a one-tailed hypothesis?

  There will be a significant increase/decrease in the DV
• What is the formula for a two-tailed hypothesis?

  There will be a relationship between V1 and V2
• What is the null hypothesis in correlation studies?

  There will be no significant relationship between V1 and V2
• What is the alternate hypothesis in correlation studies?

  There will be a positive/negative relationship between V1 and V2
• What should you avoid using in correlational hypotheses?

  The words cause, effect, difference
• How can pilot studies be beneficial for questionnaires?

  They help refine questions before the main study