Acid base and salt

• The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14.
• Acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.
• A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
• A neutral solution has a pH value of 7, while an acidic solution has a lower pH value (less than 7) and an alkaline solution has a higher pH value (greater than 7).
• Acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, making them more acidic as they have a greater concentration of H+ ions.
• Bases are substances that can accept hydrogen ions and form salts with acids.
• A basic (alkaline) solution has a pH greater than 7.
• Bases are substances that release OH- ions when dissolved in water.
• Bases absorb hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, making them less acidic as there is a lesser amount of H+ ions present.
• Neutralization occurs when acids react with bases to form salts and water.
• Strong acids completely ionize into their constituent ions upon dissolution in water, whereas weak acids only partially ionize.
• Stronger acids produce more hydrogen ions compared to weaker acids.
• An example of a weak acid is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), which releases some but not all of its hydrogen ions upon dissolution in water.
• Weak acids only partially ionize in water, resulting in fewer hydrogen ions being released into solution.
• The reaction between an acid and a metal produces a salt and hydrogen gas.
• Acidity increases as the number decreases, while alkalinity/basicity increases as the number increases.
• Acids can be classified as strong or weak based on the extent of ionization that takes place when they are dissolved in water.
• A strong acid is one that completely ionizes into its constituent ions upon dissolution in water, while a weak acid only partially ionizes.
• Increasing the concentration of H+ ions leads to increased acidity.
• Sodium , potassium and ammonium are soluble salts
• All nitrates salts are soluble
• Strong acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), perchloric acid (HCIO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
• All chloride salts are soluble except silver and lead
• Weak acids include carbonic acid (H2CO3) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4)
• All sulfate salt are soluble except lead ,barium and calcium