Psychology - Schizophrenia - Classification.

• What are the two main types of schizophrenia?

  Type 1 and Type 2 Schizophrenia
• What characterizes Type 1 Schizophrenia?

  It is characterized by positive symptoms.
• What characterizes Type 2 Schizophrenia?

  It is characterized by negative symptoms.
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
• What are hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  Unusual sensory experiences beyond ordinary experience.
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations?

  About 70%
• What do auditory hallucinations typically involve?

  A voice that comments on behavior or gives orders.
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Irrational beliefs with no basis in reality.
• What is a common type of delusion in schizophrenia?

  Delusions of persecution.
• What is another common type of delusion in schizophrenia?

  Delusions of grandeur.
• What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

  • Speech poverty (Alogia)
  • Avolition
• What is speech poverty (Alogia) in schizophrenia?

  Decrease in speech fluency and productivity.
• How does speech poverty manifest in patients?

  Fewer words produced in verbal tasks.
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  Reduction of interests and inability to initiate activities.
• How does avolition affect a patient's daily life?

  They may sit doing nothing for hours.
• What does reliability in diagnosis refer to?

  Consistency in diagnosis across time and cultures.
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  Agreement in diagnosis by different psychiatrists.
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Consistency of diagnostic tests on different occasions.
• What did Cheniaux (2009) find about inter-rater reliability?

  It was poor between two psychiatrists diagnosing patients.
• What did Osorio et al (2019) report about reliability?

  Excellent reliability for diagnosing schizophrenia using DSM-5.
• What is co-morbidity?

  Presence of additional disorders alongside schizophrenia.
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia suffer from substance abuse?

  47%
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia suffer from anxiety/panic disorder?

  15%
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia suffer from depression?

  50%
• What did Buckley (2009) find about co-morbidity?

  About 50% of patients have depression or substance abuse.
• How does co-morbid substance abuse affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It complicates reliable diagnosis and treatment.
• What is culture bias in diagnosis?

  Influence of Western beliefs on diagnosis validity.
• What did Copeland (1971) find about cultural differences in diagnosis?

  Significant variation in diagnosis between cultures.
• What did Pinto and Jones (2008) report about cultural beliefs in Haiti?

  Voices are seen as communications from ancestors.
• What is the impact of gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It leads to differential treatment based on gender.
• What did Cotton (2009) find about female patients with schizophrenia?

  They function better than male patients.
• What is symptom overlap?

  Symptoms of schizophrenia found in other disorders.
• What did Ophoff (2011) find about genetic overlap?

  Genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
• What did Ellason and Ross (1995) point out about DID?

  DID patients show more symptoms of schizophrenia.
• What is the impact of inaccurate diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  It can lead to social stigma and negative impacts.
• What are the overall issues in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  • Reliability issues
  • Co-morbidity
  • Culture bias
  • Gender bias
  • Symptom overlap