Organisation

• How do cells form tissues, organs, and systems?

  By differentiating and working together
• What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

  Cells
• What is a sperm cell specialized for?

  To fertilize the egg
• Why do sperm cells have many mitochondria?

  To provide energy for their journey
• What are muscle cells specialized for?

  To contract and produce movement
• What is the role of xylem cells?

  To transport water and minerals
• What is the function of phloem cells?

  To transport sugars
• What is the role of a root hair cell?

  To absorb water and minerals
• What is a tissue?

  A group of cells with similar structure and function
• What does glandular tissue produce?

  Substances such as enzymes and hormones
• What does epithelial tissue do?

  Covers organs
• What is an organ?

  A group of different tissues working together
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What is the digestive system?

  An organ system that digests and absorbs food
• What do single-celled organisms lack?

  Tissues
• What type of molecule are enzymes?

  Large proteins
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  A space within the protein molecule
• What does each enzyme catalyse?

  A specific reaction
• What is the optimum temperature and pH for enzymes?

  The conditions where they work best
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

  They change shape and denature
• What occurs when an enzyme is denatured?

  The substrate cannot fit into the active site
• What do digestive enzymes do?

  Break down large food molecules into smaller ones
• What does amylase break down?

  Starch into sugar (maltose)
• What does protease break down?

  Proteins into amino acids
• What does lipase break down?

  Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• What is bile's role in digestion?

  To emulsify fat and neutralize acid
• Where is bile produced?

  In the liver
• What does bile do to fat?

  Emulsifies it into small droplets
• What is the effect of alkaline conditions on lipase activity?

  Increases the rate of fat breakdown
• What must be done before mixing solutions in the amylase experiment?

  Leave them in the water bath to reach temperature
• What should be used to keep the reaction mixture at a fixed pH?

  A buffer solution
• What is a hazard when using a Bunsen burner in the experiment?

  Risk of burns from heat
• What is blood classified as?

  A tissue
• What is plasma in blood?

  A liquid transporting chemical substances
• What is the function of haemoglobin?

  To bind to oxygen for transport
• Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?

  To have more room for haemoglobin
• Why are red blood cells small?

  To fit through tiny capillaries
• What shape do red blood cells have?

  Biconcave discs
• How can white blood cells change shape?

  To squeeze out of blood vessels
• What do arteries do?

  Take blood away from the heart