Infection and Response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
• How can pathogens be spread?

  Direct contact, water, air, and vectors
• What is the role of vectors?

  Carry and pass on pathogens without disease
• How can the spread of infectious diseases be reduced?

  Hygiene, destroying vectors, isolating infected
• What disease is caused by a virus and has symptoms of fever and rash?

  Measles
• How is the measles virus spread?

  By breathing in droplets from sneezes
• What can happen if measles complications occur?

  It can be fatal
• What does HIV cause?

  AIDS
• How is HIV transmitted?

  Sexual contact or exchange of body fluids
• What is the initial symptom of HIV infection?

  A flu-like illness
• What happens if HIV is untreated?

  It attacks the body's immune cells
• What is the late stage of HIV called?

  AIDS
• What is the role of antiviral drugs in HIV treatment?

  They delay the progression of the virus
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist transmitted by mosquitoes
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Severe fever
• How can the spread of malaria be prevented?

  By stopping mosquito bites
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease in plants
• How is rose black spot spread?

  By spores carried from plant to plant
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  Using fungicides and removing affected leaves
• What is the body's first line of defense against pathogens?

  Non-specific defenses
• What do white blood cells do when a pathogen enters the body?

  They try to destroy it
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens
• What are antibodies?

  Proteins specific to particular pathogens
• What do antitoxins do?

  Neutralize the effects of toxins
• What is immunity?

  Quick response to a re-entering pathogen
• How does vaccination work?

  Stimulates antibody production and immunity
• What is the purpose of injecting a dead or inactive pathogen in vaccination?

  To stimulate antibody production
• What happens to white blood cells after vaccination?

  They remain in the bloodstream for quick response
• What disease has been eradicated through vaccination?

  Smallpox
• Why is it important to compare vaccination risks with disease risks?

  To make informed health decisions
• What happens if a large proportion of the population is immune?

  Pathogen cannot spread easily
• What do antibiotics do?

  Kill bacteria inside the body
• Why can't antibiotics destroy viruses?

  Viruses have different structures
• What is MRSA?

  A strain of bacteria resistant to antibiotics
• How can the development of resistant bacterial strains be reduced?

  By restricting unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions
• Why must patients complete their antibiotic course?

  To kill all bacteria and prevent resistance
• What is the independent variable in antibiotic testing?

  The type of antibiotic used
• What is the dependent variable in antibiotic testing?

  The area clear of bacteria around discs
• What must be followed to ensure safety in antibiotic testing?

  Aseptic techniques