Micropara3

• What is the focus of Chapter 3?

  Cell Structure and Function
• Why do biologists avoid defining "life"?

  It proves troublesome to define precisely
• What are the characteristics common to all living things?

  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Responsiveness
  • Metabolism
• What does growth in living things refer to?

  Increase in size of organisms
• How do organisms reproduce?

  By increasing in number, asexually or sexually
• What is the term for movement toward or away from stimuli?

  Taxis
• What is metabolism in organisms?

  Using nutrients in controlled chemical reactions
• Who developed the cell theory?

  • Theodor Schwann
  • Matthias Schleiden
• What are cells described as?

  Living entities surrounded by a membrane
• What are the two types of cells?

  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
• What do prokaryotes lack?

  Nucleus
• What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  Can read DNA and make protein simultaneously
• What is the typical size of prokaryotic cells?

  1.0 μm in diameter or smaller
• What organisms are composed of prokaryotic cells?

  Bacteria and archaea
• What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells do not?

  Nucleus
• What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  Have internal membrane-bound organelles
• What is the typical size of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100 μm in diameter
• What organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells?

  Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants
• What are the external structures of bacterial cells?

  • Glycocalyces
  • Flagella
  • Fimbriae
  • Pili
• What are the two types of glycocalyces?

  Capsule and slime layer
• What is a capsule in glycocalyces?

  Organized, firmly attached units of organic chemicals
• What is a slime layer in glycocalyces?

  Loosely attached, water-soluble layer
• What is the function of flagella?

  Responsible for movement of bacteria
• What is the structure of flagella?

  Composed of filament, hook, and basal body
• How do bacteria move in response to stimuli?

  Through rotation of flagella
• What are the arrangements of flagella?

  Peritrichous, polar, and endoflagella
• What are fimbriae?

  Sticky projections used for adherence
• What are pili?

  Special fimbriae for DNA transfer
• What is the function of bacterial cell walls?

  • Provide structure and shape
  • Protect from osmotic forces
  • Assist in attachment and resisting drugs
  • Target for antibiotics
• What are the two basic types of bacterial cell walls?

  Gram-positive and Gram-negative
• What characterizes Gram-positive bacterial cell walls?

  Thick layer of peptidoglycan
• What unique chemicals do Gram-positive bacteria contain?

  Teichoic acids
• How do Gram-positive bacteria appear after staining?

  Purple
• What characterizes Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

  Thin layer of peptidoglycan with bilayer membrane
• What does the lipid A portion of LPS cause?

  Fever, inflammation, and shock
• How do Gram-negative bacteria appear after staining?

  Pink
• What are bacteria without cell walls often mistaken for?

  Viruses
• What is the structure of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?

  Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
• What is the function of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?

  Energy storage and selective permeability
• What are the passive processes in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?

  Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis