Fungi + Protista

• Fungi are multi-cellular heterotrophs. They grow in threads called hyphae.
• Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrients from dead material e.g. mushrooms while parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from their host.
• A symbiotic relationship is where two different species live in close association with at least one benefiting
• Rhizopus (bread mold) is a multicellular fungus with many haploid spores and consists of thread-like structures called hyphae.
• Rhizoids provide extra surface area for absorption of the digested material.
• Stolons are aerial hyphae that allow Rhizopus to spread sideways.
• Sporangiophore is a vertical hyphae, that supports sporangium and the formation of spores.
• Sporangiophores grow up from the substrate after a few days​. Cells within the sporangium divide by mitosis to produce spores. This is asexual reproduction. The sporangium dries out and releases many spores. ​Each spore will grow into a new hypha and mycelium if it lands on a suitable substrate.
• When hyphae from a plus and minus strain are close, swellings will grow. Nuclei from both hyphae move into the progametangia (swellings.) Cross-walls form to produce gametangia. These walls dissolve and fertilization occurs. A zygospore forms around the nuclei and it germinates by meiosis. A hypha grows and produces a sporangium which releases spores.
• Yeasts can be used to make bread and alcohol such as wine and beer​. Fungi can be used as a source of food e.g. mushroom
• Fungi such as athletes foot and ringworm can infect animals.
• An amoeba consists of a single-cell and lives in freshwater ponds.
• The cell membrane of an amoeba is semi-permeable. The cytoplasm is divided up into ectoplasm and endoplasm.
• Pseudopods are referred to as ‘false feet’ as they are produced at any point on the body and have no fixed position​. Pseudopodia extend in the direction Amoeba wishes to move​ and are able to consume food which is then stored in the vacuole.
• The contractile vacuole on the amoeba serves as osmoregulation. Excess water enters the vacuole which swells and moves to the edge of the cell, bursting and expelling the water.
• strucure of amoeba

  A) cell membrane

  B) ectoplasm

  C) endoplasm

  D) cytoplasm

  E) nucleus

  F) waste products

  G) pseudopod

  H) fat droplets

  I) food vacuole

  J) contractile vacuole

  
• asexual reproduction (budding) of yeast

  A) yeast cell

  B) bud forms

  C) nucleus divides by mitosis

  D) bud pinches off

  E) bud grows to full size

  
• structure of yeast

  A) cell wall

  B) vacuole

  C) fat globule

  D) nucleus

  E) food store

  
• structure of rhizopus

  A) spores

  B) stolon

  C) hypha

  D) rhizoids

  E) mycellium

  F) sporangiophore

  G) apophysis

  H) columella

  I) sporangium