urban challenges

• key terms

  population distribution- spread of people

  population density- number of people in an area

  densely populated- lots of people

  sparsely populated- not many people
• london is very well connected with airports, motorways and international and national railway services
• migration into london is very high this is due to good education, job opportunities and connection to international clients, however this can create less jobs, racism nad pressure on housing
• opportunities in london

  cultural mix- within london there are hundreds of different cultures making it an interesting, exciting and economic opportunities, however it also brings language barriers and pressures on housing

  recreation and entertainment- sports, theatre, art and museums bringing in jobs and massive amounts of money

  employment opportunites

  good transport
• urban sprawl- uncontrolled expansion of cities into surrounding countryside
• Challenges in London include inequalities in poverty, housing, education, and health.
• In rich areas, the average age is much higher, and GCSE results are higher.
• Building on brown and green field sites brings urban sprawl and the release of fossil fuels.
• Urban decline leads to unemployment and struggles to get food, which results in a bad quality of life.
• Urban sprawl increases traffic, which decreases health for people and decreases habitats and loss of social interaction.
• Waste disposal and pollution lead to higher ozone pollution and particulate matter, and nitrogen oxide production leads to deaths and asthma and deaths in London.
• an example of urban regeneration is queen Elizabeth Olympic park. this lead to cheaper housing, fixing of park which increased habitats.
• sustainable urban living

  green roofs to encourage wildlife and reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

  affordable housing

  green open spaces
• sustainable urban living cna lead to many pros this includes

  • 50% less water usage achieved by recycling water for plants and flushing toilets to reduce the amount of fresh water used
  • 30% less energy usage by using combined heat and power. the burning of biomass leads to heating and the steam turns the turbine for power
  • 99% of wASTE IS RECYCLED which turns into new products
  • 10 hectares of green space in a 27 hectare area
• problems from increased traffic inludes

  • co2 emissions
  • noise pollution
  • high cost for management of roads
  • emergency service may be unable to get through traffic
• solutions for traffic problems include

  • congestion charge so less cars travel through congested areas as drives have to pay a fine
  • ultra low emission zone means that only certain cars can pass through and a heavy charge whenever going through if car isnt electric
  • santander bikes lead to affordable renting of bikes so people are able to travel without releasing co2
• factors affecting urbanisation

  push

  • farming is har and badly paid
  • little healthcare in the country side
  • worse education

  pull

  • better paid jobs
  • better education
  • better medical facilities
• megacities are cities with 10+ million residents
• in hics megacities are often slow growing due to already high population

  in nee's megacities are often growing as people are starting to slow down in entering into them

  in lic's they are growing rapidly as people are migrating to the very fast