UCSP 4

• Inequality is the unequal access to resources and opportunities.

  Equality is the equal or even distribution of tools and assistance.

  Equity is customizing materials to address the inequality of the situation.

  Justice is fixing the system to offer equal access to both people or among people with the opportunities and tools
• SOCIAL INEQUALITY is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
• Income is the earnings from work or investments,
• wealth is the total value of money and other assets minus debts
• Other important dimensions include power, occupational prestige, schooling, ancestry, and race and ethnicity
• There are two prevailing explanations of poverty: blaming the poor and blaming society.
• Blaming the poor suggests that the poor are responsible for their own poverty.
• Blaming the society suggests that society is responsible for poverty.
• Income/Poverty Inequality Income, affluence, and poverty are also important factors that define social inequality.

  Absolute poverty— refers to the lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care services needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.

  ➢ Relative poverty—refers to the ability to obtain basic necessities, but unable to maintain for average standard of living

  Subjective poverty—refers to the individual’s evaluation and perception of his or her actual income against expectations.
• Gender Inequality Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, called sexism, are major contributing factors to social inequality. Almost all societies have some sexual division of labor.
• Gender and Development (GAD) refers to the development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials.
• The Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a National Plan that addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women.
• The Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, was approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8, 1995, and is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive No. 348 of February 17, 1989.
• Republic Act No. 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women, was approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local development.
• A Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21, 2011 was released addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State Universalities and Colleges (SUCs), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD Focal Point System (GFPS).
• Racial and ethnic inequality is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place or origin or culture.
• Racial inequality can result in diminished opportunities for members of marginalized groups, which in turn lead to cycles of poverty and political marginalization.
• Racism refers to the set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial/ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial/ethnic group.
• Discrimination refers to the resistance of equality by depriving the minorities of equal treatment and keeping them in lower status by the dominant members in the society.
• Prejudice refers to the negative attitude or preconceived judgment towards others that label them unfairly.
• Stereotyping refers to overgeneralizing all members of a particular category as having the same qualities.
• The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997
• Government Project for Peace Process in the Philippines
• PAMANA is a government project for the peace process in the Philippines.
• PAMANA was launched in 2011 as a priority program of the Government that supports the Peace Negotiation Track and contributes to the goal of attaining Just and Lasting Peace.
• PAMANA is embodied in Chapter 17 on Attaining Just and Lasting Peace of the Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022 as the Government’s peace and development convergence program to communities in isolated, hard-to-reach, and conflict-affected and vulnerable communities.
• The PAMANA framework is anchored on three (3) complementary strategic pillars that define core interventions to achieve just and lasting peace: Policy reform and governance interventions addressing issues of injustices relative to land security, natural resources, identity, and human rights; Capacity-building interventions relative to strengthening government institutions and empowering communities; and Peace-promoting socio-economic interventions.
• PAMANA has seven (7) geographical zones which have been selected and prioritized to complement peace process lines: Cordillera Administrative Region, Bicol-Quezon-Mindoro, Samar Island, Negros-Panay, Davao-Davao de Oro-Caraga, Central Mindanao, and Zamboanga-Basilan-Sulu-Tawi.
• Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development program of the national government that invests in the health and education of poor households, particularly of children aged 0-18 years old.
• Pantawid Pamilya is patterned after the conditional cash transfer scheme implemented in other developing countries, providing cash grants to beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set of conditions required by the program.
• On April 17, 2019, the Republic Act No. 11310 or An Act Institutionalizing the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program was signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, making Pantawid Pamilya the national poverty reduction strategy of the government.
• The objectives of Pantawid Pamilya include social assistance to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate need (short term poverty alleviation) and social development to break the intergenerational poverty cycle through investments in human capital.
• One of the program objectives of Pantawid Pamilya is to improve the health of young children and mothers by promoting preventive health care.
• Another program objective of Pantawid Pamilya is to increase the enrollment and attendance rate of children in Day Care, Kindergarten, elementary, and secondary schools.
• Pantawid Pamilya aims to contribute to the reduction of incidence of child labor.
• One of the program objectives of Pantawid Pamilya is to raise the average consumption rate in food expenditure of poor households.
• Pantawid Pamilya encourages parents to invest in their children’s health, nutrition, and education.
• Another program objective of Pantawid Pamilya is to enhance the performance of parenting roles of beneficiaries and their participation in community development activities.