genetics final

• Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing protein chain.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription from DNA to mRNA and translation from mRNA to proteins.
• The genetic code is read by matching codons on mRNA with complementary anticodons on tRNAs carrying specific amino acids.
• Translation occurs at ribosomes, which move along the mRNA strand as it reads the sequence of codons.
• RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription.
• Transcription is the process by which the information in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence.
• The mRNA molecule is complementary to the DNA strand that codes for it.
• The genetic code is universal across all organisms and consists of three nucleotides (codons) that specify one amino acid.
• Translation occurs at ribosomes, which move along the mRNA strand as new amino acids are added to form a polypeptide chain.
• Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules that have an anticodon that matches the corresponding codon on the mRNA.
• Termination signals stop translation when all three nucleotides have been matched with their corresponding amino acid.
• Each tRNA carries only one amino acid.
• During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene and unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix.
• Transcription factors bind to promoter regions on DNA to initiate gene expression.
• During transcription, one strand of DNA serves as a template for the formation of an mRNA molecule.
• During translation, the ribosome links together the amino acids carried by the tRNAs according to their position in the mRNA sequence.
• The template strand of DNA serves as a guide for the formation of an RNA copy.
• Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription and translation.
• Some codons serve as stop signals or start signals.
• mRNA has a cap at one end, which helps with translation initiation.
• mRNA also has a poly-A tail at the other end, which protects against degradation by exonucleases.
• mRNA has a cap at one end, which helps with translation initiation.
• During translation, tRNAs bring specific amino acids to the growing peptide chain based on their anticodon sequences.
• Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and its matching anticodon allows it to bind to the correct codon on the mRNA during translation.
• The ribosome reads mRNA from left to right, starting with AUG (the start signal).
• The probability that two genes are linked is determined by the distance between them on the chromosome.
• If two genes are far apart, they will be separated during crossing over more often than if they are close together.
• In humans, linkage mapping has been used to identify regions associated with certain diseases and traits.
• Cystic fibrosis is an example of a disease caused by mutations in a single gene.
• Huntington's disease is an example of a disease caused by mutations in a single gene.
• Mendel's first law states that alleles segregate independently at different loci.
• Independent assortment refers to the random distribution of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis.
• The human genome project aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all its genes.
• Non-linkage occurs when genes are far apart on a chromosome or located on separate chromosomes.
• missense mutations can differ in severity. the two most common types are conservative and non conservative
• conservative amino acid substitution occurs when similar amino acids are substituted resulting in the protein remaining functional.
• non conservative amino acid substitution occurs when different amino acids are substituted resulting in the protein's function being altered.
• mutations can occur at various levels of DNA, protein, and chromosomal.
• parkinson's disease is a rare chromosomal disorder that is often due to a duplication of the SNCA gene
• translocations is when a chromosome breaks and the chromosome fragments are reattached to the other chromosomes. it is considered a chromosomal mutation.