CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbohydrates is our go-to source of energy.
• Carbohydrates are Polyhydroxy Carbonyl Compounds (C=O).
• Carbohydrates either have an Aldehyde or Ketone derivative / polymer for Hydrolysis.
• There are Enantiomers in Carbohydrates: D and L Isomers (Glyceraldehyde)
• We can classify Carbohydrates according to the Number of Units in the Polymer.
• Classifications of Carbohydrates: 1.) Monosaccharides, 2.) Disaccharides, 3.) Oligosaccharides, 4.) Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides are a SINGLE Unit that CANNOT be Hydrolyzed into a simple Carbohydrate
• Saccharides = Sugars
• An example of a Monosaccharide is Glucose
• Disaccharides are a condensation product of 2 Monosaccharides
• An example of a Disaccharide is Lactose
• ALL Mono & Disaccharides end in "OSE" (galactOSE, lactOSE, ribOSE, etc.)
• Oligosacchrides is a condenstaion of 3-10 Monosacchrides
• An example of an Oligiosccharide is Maltotriose
• A Polysacchride is a condenstaion of MORE THAN 10 Monosacchrides
• An example of a Polysacchride is Glycogen & Starch
• Classification of Monosacchrides: 1.) 3 - Triose, 4 - Tetrose, 5 - Pentose, 6 - Hexose, 7 - Heptose
• Classification of Monosacchrides: 2.) If the Carbonyl Groups is at the END TERMINAL it is a ALDEHYDE (Aldose). If it is in the MIDDLE, it is a KETONE (Ketose).
• Classification of Monosacchrides: 3.) Both number of Carbon Atoms & Type of Carbonyl Group (KetoTRIose - 3 Carbon with a Ketone Group).
• ALL Carbohydrates have one or more Chirality Centers
• Glyceraldehyde has 1 Chirality Center and has 2 possible Enantiomers
• In a Fischer Projection, the Chiral Carbon FURTHEST from the Carbonyl Group is where the D & L Configuration is Based
• Aldehydes & Ketones react with Alcohols to form Hemiacetals
• Hemiacetals contain a Hydroxyl Group and an Alkoxy Group (OR) on the same Crabon
• Hemiacetals are UNSTABLE
• Cyclic Hemiacetals from readily when the Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Groups are of the SAME Molecule
• Humans have a-Amylase (an Enzyme) and they can digest Starch Products like Pasta (a-Glucose)
• Humans DO NOT have b-Amylase (an Enzyme) and CANNOT Digest Cellulose like Wood / Paper (b-Glucose)
• MUTAROTATION: Change in specific Rotation that Accompanies the Equilibiration of a & b anomers in Aqueous Solutions
• USEFUL CAARBOHYDRATE: Amino Sugars, Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and Blood Types
• AMINO SUGARS contain NH2 GROUPS
• The Amino Sugar D-Glucosamine is the most abundant Amino Sugar in Nature
• D-Glucosammine helps cartilage joints stay healthy but levels drop with age
• Glucosamine is often used to Ease Joint Pain in Arthritis Patients
• The 2ND MOST ABUNDANT Amino Sugar in Nature is Chitin
• Chitin is a Polysaccharide formed from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units joined together by 1,4-𝞫-glycosidic bonds
• Chitin has a similar structure to Cellulose and are BOTH INSOLUBLE in Water
• Glycosaminoglycans are a Group of Unbranched Carbohydrates devired from Alternating Amino Sugars and Glucuronate Units
• Glucuronate is a Sugar Acid dderived from Glucose, with its 6th Carbon Atom Oxidized to a Carboxylic Acid
• Hyaluronate is an extracellular fluid that lubricates joints and in the viterous humor of the eye