RWS SECOND SUMMATIVE EXAM

• Revision is the general process of going back through your whole draft, from start to end, and improving on or clarifying your writing subject's meaning.
• Editing is going back to your draft to check for technical errors
• Proofreading is checking your work for spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and other mechanical errors that may have been overlooked during editing.
• Revision includes:

  • adding in
  • taking out
  • moving around
  • polishing certain parts
• Modes of Paragraph Development is the writer's capability and responsibility to discuss his/her ideas in prose as clearly as possible.
• 8 Modes of Paragraph Development:

  1. Causal Analysis
  2. Description
  3. Definition
  4. Narration
  5. Comparison and Contrast
  6. Division and Classification
  7. Exemplification
  8. Persuasion
• Causal Analysis is the process of identifying the cause of a problem or event.
• Causal analysis is study of a relationship among at least two happenings.
• Cause is what prompts something to happen
• Effect is what was yielded after something else took place.
• Causal Analysis answers the question "how" and "why"
• Keywords such as "therefore","because","following", and "previously" give the reader a clue that causal analysis is used in a given piece of writing.
• Categories of Causal Analysis:

  1. Informative - explains a topic
  2. Persuasive - to convince
  3. Speculative - suggests possibilities
• Causal Chain is a set of cause and effect that leads to multiple other sets
• Faulty causality is when one assumes that event A is always the cause of event B
• propter hoc, ergo, propter hoc means "after this, therefore because of this"
• Description is when you describe something using your 5 senses
• Types of description:

  1. Objective - technical and factual in nature
  2. Subjective - more expressive because they evoke emotions and ideas about an image
• Spatial Description - deals with the subject in relation to space arrangement
• Chronological Description - pertains to the order of events in a story.
• Emphatic Description - shown according to the order that the writer deems important.
• Definition is when you try to understand the meaning of a word or an expression
• Definition is analyzing, dealineating, exploring, and discovering the different aspects of a peculiar concept.
• Definition is expressing how one perceives a word based on his/her own personal experiences
• Two important concepts associated with definitions:

  • Denotation
  • Connotation
• TECHNIQUES IN DEFINITION ESSAY:

  1. ANALYSIS
  2. COLLOCATION
  3. COMPARISON
  4. CONTRAST
  5. ETYMOLOGY
  6. EXEMPLIFICATION
  7. FUNCTION
  8. NEGATION
  9. SYNONYMS
  10. SLANG
• Narration is a sequence of events, not necessarily arranged in chronological order, told by the narrator, happening in a particular place and time.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE NARRATIVE:

  1. Vivid Descriptions of Details
  2. Consistent POV
  3. Consistent Verb Tense
  4. Well-Defined Point or Significance
• Vivid Description of Details - takes the reader into the narrative by letting him/her feel how is it like in the world of the story
• Consistent Point of View (POV) - based on the pronouns used
• Omniscient - the narrator is all-knowing
• Dispassion - presents a relatively objective story to the reader, one w/o much bias and opinion.
• Consistent Verb Tense - needed to make dear to the reader whether the story in the narrative had already happened, has been happening for some time now, happens on a and will regular basis, is currently happening and will do so indefinitely
• Well-Defined point or significance - This is something akin to the literary element we call theme
• Theme - the unifying thought/idea born out of all the other elements of the story
• Theme is the universal truth that is not usually blatantly said in a story; rather, unraveled as the readers read.
• NARRATIVE DEVICES:

  1. Anecdote
  2. Flashback
  3. Flash forward
  4. Time stretch
  5. Time Summary
  6. Dialogue
• Anecdote - narrative that are written from the writer's memory. Can be used as an introduction to an essay
• Flashback - a story from the past. When you quickly look back at something that had occur.
• Flash forward - quickly looking forward at something that will happen in the future.