criminalistics

• CRIMINALISTICS OR FORENSIC SCIENCES

  It is a sub field of Criminology that deals with the study of “criminal things” – those that are left behind by the criminal in the scene of the crime which have significance in criminal investigation.
• A CRIMINALIST is a person who is trained in the application of instruments and methods essential in detecting and investigating crimes.
• Chemistry- analytical study of evidence
• 1. Forensic Photography- the process of photographing crime scene or any other object for court presentation.
• Dactyloscopy,

  • It is the identification of a person through the examination and comparison of fingerprint.
  • It was derived from the Greek word:

  Dactylos – a finger
• Fingerprint,

  • The production of a pattern or design formed by ridges on the inside of the joint of a finger.
• Chiroscopy – science of dactyloscopy which deals with the study of the palms of the hand.

  It was derived from the Greek words:  cheir – a hand, and skopien – to examine.
• Podoscopy – branch of science of dactyloscopy which deals with the study of the sole of the foot.

  It was derived from the Greek words:  podo – foot, and skopien – to examine.
• Poroscopy – branch of science of dactyloscopy which covers the study of the sweat pores found in the friction skin.
• Police Photography,

  It is the science which deals with the study of the principles of photography and the preparation of photographic evidence and its application to police work.
• Polygraphy

  • is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. Polygraphy is the new name of LIE DETECTION.
• Polygraph

  • is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled condition.
• Legal Medicine 

  • is a branch of medicine, which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purpose of law and in the Administration of justice.
• Real Evidence – this is evidence made known or addressed in the sense of the court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but it is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch perceived.
• Testimonial Evidence – a person maybe commanded to appear before the court to give his testimony. While in the witness stand, his obligation is to answer the question propounded by counsel and presiding officer of the court, his testimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation.
• Documentary Evidence – a document is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letter, figure or make intended to be used to the purpose of recording that matter which may be evidentially used . The term applies on writing, to word printed, lithograph or photograph.
• Experimental Evidence – a medical witness maybe allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated
• Physical Evidence – these are articles and materials which are founded in connection with evidence and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was committed, or in general assist , in the prosecution of the criminal.
• Ballistics

  • the science of the motion of projectiles.
  • Refers the science of firearm identification.
• 1. Forensic Ballistics- this branch of this science involves the investigation and identification of firearms by means of the ammunitions fired through them.
• DOCUMENT

  • Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone.
  • Latin word- ”documentum”- lesson/example
  • French word- “docere”- to teach
• QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

  • One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or in part.