external

• Rex (racial discrimination)

  leads to social exclusion so ethnic minority groups are often forced into substandard accommodation
• Wood (deliberate discrimination in employment)

  1 in 16 ethnic groups were offered an interview

  1 in 9 for white
• Material deprivation

  EMs are more likely to be working class so they will be affected by material deprivation

  -unable to access computers, textbooks which would hinder their achievement
• Cultural factors

  -Linguistic skills

  -Language barriers

  -Attitudes and values

  -Family structure and parental support

  -Cultural capital

  -Peer group pressure and an anti-school 'street' culture

  -single-parent families
• Parental control and expectation

  Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of children, some argue that children are socialised into the mainstream culture which instils ambition and competitiveness e.g. indian and chinese families have higher levels of parental control and higher expectations
• evidence for Parental control and expectation (Francis and Archer)

  found that the parents of chinese pupils placed a very high value on education

  High educational aspiration transmits from parents to children, and students derive positive self-esteem from constructing themselves as good students
• Linguistic skills - language barriers

  children who do not speak english at home may be held back

  -parents who aren't able to speak may not be able to understand league tables, won't be able to help with homework or revision.
• Linguistic skills - language barriers (Gillborn and Mirza)

  indian pupils still do well despite not having english as their first language
• Linguistic skills- language barriers (Crozier)

  Pakistani and bangladeshi parents 'kept their distance' from their children's school as they lacked confidence to use english
• Fathers and underachievement (Sewell)

  Absence of fathers as role models that leads to black boys underachieving.

  Sewell sees the problem as a lack of fatherly nurturing.

  This results in black boys finding it hard to overcome the emotional and behavioral difficulties' of adolescence ,causing them to act out

  may be attracted to gangs that encourage 'macho' masculinity-perform badly as these gangs reject the values of school
• Critcisms of sewell

  blames black caribbeans for their underachievement rather than acknowledging the failures of the education system and institutional racism
• Strand

  -indian parents tend to have greater control over their children and their children tend to be better behaved

  -most likely to compete homework 5 times a week

  -least likely to be excluded
• Bagguley and Hussain

  interviewed Pakistani and bangladeshi women

  -aspirations in education for them was complicated by cultural pressures-focus on marriage

  -felt weighed down by these pressures and feel obligated to be married and become a housewife-may be forced to give their dreams and aspirations

  Evaluation - However, its not very representative as only 114 women were asked
• What is tiger parenting

  A strict form of parenting where parents are highly invested in ensuring their children's success. They sacrifice fun for long term success.

  e.g. chinese parents forcing their child to do homework ,piano, languages, clubs from early ages so, perform well in education-high grades
• New right (Murray)

  lone parent families fail to adequately socialise sons due to a lack of a male role model. Lone parent families are frequent in Afro caribbean culture