Botany Class Exam

• What are berries?

  Fruit with more than one seed, thin skin

  
• What is a hesperidium?

  A fruit with seperable rind
• What is a pepo?

  Berry, a rind that is not separable and has an inferior ovary
• What is a pome?

  Has a papery / leathery endocarp

  
• What are accessory fruits?

  Fruit with tissues other than the ovary

  Fruits derived from the inferior ovary (pome, pepo)
• Is this an accessory fruit?

  Yes, the squash pepo is developing from an inferior ovary

  
• Is this an accessory fruit?

  Yes

  
• What are aggregate fruits?

  Fruits derived from pistils of the same flower
• Examples of aggregate fruits?


  Raspberry, blackberry, strawberry
• What are multiple fruits?

  Fruits derived from many flowers
• Examples of multiple fruits?

  Pineapples, mulberries
• What are examples of dry fruits?

  Samara, nut, caryopsis, achene
• What is a dry capsule?

  Splits in various wats
• What is a dry capsule?

  Splits in various ways

  
• What is a dry follicle?

  Splits along one edge only

  
• What is a dry legume?

  Splits along two seams

  
• How many regions are there in leaves?

  3: epidermis, mesophyll, veins
• Epidermis


  Single layer of cells that covers the entire leaf. Dicots have an upper and lower epidermis. No chloroplasts, only located in stomata.

  
• Palisade Mesophyll


  Barrel shaped cells stacked in two rows, contains most of the chloroplast.

  
• Spongy Mesophyll


  Loosely arranged parenchyma cells with air and water spaces

  
• Lower epidermis

  Dicot leaves have a lower sheet of cells with stomata. When water fills the guard cells the stomata open, when the water leaves the stomata close.

  
• What is the function of the sunken stomata?

  Reduce waterloss.

  
• Shade Leaves

  Recieve less sunlight, are thinner in length but larger in width. Have fewer layers of mesophyll, hairs, and chloroplasts.

  
• What happens to chlorophyll during autumn?

  Chlorophyll breaks down to revel the other carotenoids in the leaves. Anthocyanins are synthesized in some species.

  
• Tendrils

  Modified leaves that curl around more rigid objects, helping the plant to climb or to support weak stems.Ex: Peas

  
• Spines

  Modified leaves that reduce leaf surface and water loss, and protect from herbivory.

  
• Water Storage Leaves

  Succulent, fleshy leaves with large vacuoles.Ex: Aloe vera, succulents

  
• Bracts

  Modified leaves with bright color that serve the same function of petals in attracting pollinatorsEx: Poinsetta

  
• Insect Trapping Leaves


  leaves that trap insects to digest for nutrients.Ex: Venus fly traps, sundews, and pitcher plants

  
• Flower Pot Leaves

  Urn-like pouches serve as symbiotic homes of ant colonies which deposit nitrogenous waste.Ex: dischidia rafflesiana

  
• Reproductive Leaves


  Plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant. Ex: Mother of thousands

  
• How many regions are there in leaves?

  3: epidermis, mesophyll, veins
• Epidermis


  Single layer of cells that covers the entire leaf. Dicots have an upper and lower epidermis. No chloroplasts, only located in stomata.

  
• Palisade Mesophyll


  Barrel shaped cells stacked in two rows, contains most of the chloroplast.

  
• Spongy Mesophyll


  Loosely arranged parenchyma cells with air and water spaces

  
• Lower epidermis

  Dicot leaves have a lower sheet of cells with stomata. When water fills the guard cells the stomata open, when the water leaves the stomata close.

  
• What is the function of the sunken stomata?

  Reduce waterloss.

  
• Shade Leaves

  Recieve less sunlight, are thinner in length but larger in width. Have fewer layers of mesophyll, hairs, and chloroplasts.

  
• What happens to chlorophyll during autumn?

  Chlorophyll breaks down to revel the other carotenoids in the leaves. Anthocyanins are synthesized in some species.

  
• Tendrils

  Modified leaves that curl around more rigid objects, helping the plant to climb or to support weak stems.Ex: Peas