force and braking

• What are the potential dangers of large decelerations?

  Loss of control and brake overheating
• What constitutes the stopping distance of a car?

  • Thinking distance
  • Braking distance
• How does the speed of a car affect its braking distance?

  Higher speed significantly increases braking distance
• What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?

  Kinetic energy = $\frac{1}{2} \times \text{mass} \times \text{velocity}^2$
• What happens to kinetic energy when the velocity of a car doubles?

  Kinetic energy quadruples
• What happens to kinetic energy when a car brakes?

  It converts to other forms of energy
• What form of energy is produced in the brakes during braking?

  Thermal energy
• What causes the temperature of the brakes to increase?

  Conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy
• What is the relationship between speed and braking force needed?

  Higher speed requires greater braking force
• If a car is traveling at high speeds, what must the driver do to brake effectively?

  Apply a very large braking force
• What can a large braking force cause?

  Brakes to overheat and loss of control
• How do you calculate the force needed for deceleration?

  Mass multiplied by acceleration
• How long does it take for the car to decelerate to zero?

  10 seconds
• What is the acceleration of the car during deceleration?

  $3 \text{ m/s}^2$
• What force is calculated for the deceleration of the car?

  3000 Newtons