MicroPara

• What are microorganisms usually too small to be seen with?

  The unaided eye
• Which groups are included in microorganisms?

  Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae
• What are viruses sometimes regarded as?

  Straddling the border between life and nonlife
• Who established the system of nomenclature for organisms?

  Carolus Linnaeus
• Why are scientific names Latinized?

  Latin was traditionally used by scholars
• What does scientific nomenclature assign to each organism?

  Two names: genus and specific epithet
• How is the genus name formatted in scientific nomenclature?

  It is always capitalized
• How are scientific names written?

  Both names are underlined or italicized
• What can scientific names describe about an organism?

  They can describe, honor a researcher, or identify habitat
• What does the genus name Staphylococcus describe?

  The clustered arrangement of the cells
• What does the specific epithet aureus mean in Staphylococcus aureus?

  Golden, the color of many colonies
• Who is the bacterium Escherichia coli named after?

  Theodor Escherich
• What does the specific epithet coli indicate about E. coli?

  It lives in the colon or large intestine
• How were organisms classified before microbes were known?

  Into the animal kingdom or plant kingdom
• What was needed when microscopic organisms were discovered?

  A new system of classification
• Who devised a new system of classification in 1978?

  Carl Woese
• What does Woese's classification system group organisms into?

  Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• What is the protein-carbohydrate complex in Bacteria's cell walls called?

  Peptidoglycan
• What do Archaea's cell walls lack?

  Peptidoglycan
• What does the domain Eukarya include?

  Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• What type of cells do cellular microbes contain?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• What does Kingdom Monera contain?

  All procaryotic organisms
• What are protists characterized by?

  Eukaryotes with unicellular organization
• What type of nutrition do protists have?

  Ingestive, absorptive, or photoautotrophic
• What does Kingdom Fungi contain?

  Eukaryotic and predominantly multinucleate organisms
• What type of nutrition do fungi have?

  Absorptive nutrition
• What is Kingdom Plantae composed of?

  Multicellular plants with walled eukaryotic cells
• What type of nutrition do plants primarily have?

  Photoautotrophic nutrition
• What does Kingdom Animalia contain?

  Multicellular animals with wall-less eukaryotic cells
• What is the taxonomy of organisms?

  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• What do all three biological domains include?

  Microbial organisms or microorganisms
• What are acellular microbes?

  Microbes that do not contain cells
• What do viruses consist of?

  DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
• What may surround the protein coat of a virus?

  A lipid envelope
• When are viruses replicated?

  Only when in a living host cell
• What does the term "virus" mean?

  Poison or venom
• How do the smallest viruses compare in size?

  They are a little larger than ribosomes
• What type of microscope is needed to view most viruses?

  Scanning and transmission electron microscopes
• What are the key concepts about viruses?

  1. Viruses are acellular entities with DNA or RNA.
  2. They reproduce only within living cells.
  3. Cultured by inoculating living hosts or cell cultures.
  4. Nucleocapsid composed of nucleic acid and protein capsid.
  5. Classified by nucleic acid characteristics and other properties.
• What are the four general morphological types of capsids?

  Icosahedral, helical, enveloped, and complex