Cogni

• Universal affirmative statements are statements of the form “All A are B” because they make a positive (affirmative) statement about all members of a class (universal).
• Schema acquisition device facilitates our ability to quickly glean important information from our experiences and organize that information into meaningful frameworks.
• Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements regarding what is known to reach a logically certain conclusion.
• Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions from principles and from evidence.
• A proposition is an assertion, which may be either true or false.
• Universal negative statements are negative statements about all members of a class (e.g., “No cognitive psychologists are flutists.”)
• Deductive reasoning often involves reasoning from one or more general statements regarding what is known to a specific application of the general statement.
• Universal conditional statements are statements of the form “If A, then B” because they make a conditional statement about all members of a class (universal).
• Wason selection task is a task presented by Peter Wason to participants, from which the participants were to test the validity of a given proposition.
• An example of a categorical syllogism follows: Premise 1: All cognitive psychologists are pianists, Premise 2: All pianists are athletes, Conclusion: therefore, all cognitive psychologists are athletes.
• Universal disjunctive statements are statements of the form “Either A or B” because they make a disjunctive statement about all members of a class (universal).
• Categorical syllogism premises state something about the category memberships of the terms.
• Deductive validity is the logical soundness of the reasoning.
• A well-reasoned conclusion is, “If p, then q.”
• Premises are propositions about which arguments are made.
• There are four kinds of premises: Universal affirmative statements, Universal negative statements, Universal conditional statements, and Universal disjunctive statements.
• An if-then proposition states that if antecedent condition p is met, then consequent event q follows.
• Modus ponens argument affirms the antecedent, “If p, then q” and therefore, q.”
• Evolutionary view of cognition asks what kinds of thinking skills would provide a naturally selective advantage for humans in adapting to our environment across evolutionary time.
• Syllogisms are deductive arguments that involve drawing conclusions from two premises; comprise: two premises and a conclusion.
• Conditional reasoning is in which the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on an if-then proposition.
• Pragmatic reasoning schemas or pragmatic rules are general organizing principles or rules related to particular kinds of goals, such as permissions, obligations, or causations.
• Modus tollens argument denies the consequent.
• Sentence wrap-up time is the last word of a sentence that also seems to receive an extra-long fixation time.
• Three roles have been identified: the agent, the patient, the beneficiary, the instrument, the location, the source, and the goal.
• Reading is a complex process that involves, at minimum, perception, language, memory, thinking, and intelligence.
• Top-down processing starts with high-level cognition operating on prior knowledge and experiences related to a given context.
• Transformational grammar involves transformational rules that guide the ways in which an underlying proposition can be arranged into a sentence.
• Noam Chomsky revolutionized the study of syntax, suggesting that to understand syntax, we also must consider a way to view the interrelationships among various phrase structures, and proposed transformational grammar.
• Phrase-structure grammar involves analyzing the structure of phrases as they are used.
• Parsing involves composing sentences, analyzing and dividing them into functional components, assigning appropriate syntactical categories to each component, and using the syntax rules for the language to construct grammatical sequences of the parsed components.
• Saccades are rapid sequential movements.
• Interactive view implies that we not only use the visually or orally perceptible features of letters to help us identify words but also the features we already know about words to help us identify letters.
• Lexical access is the identification of a word that allows us to retrieve the meaning of the word from memory.
• Deep structure is an underlying syntactical structure that links various phrase structures through various transformation rules.
• Lexical processes are used to identify letters and words, activate relevant information in memory about these words, and comprehension processes are used to make sense of the text as a whole.
• Interactive-activation model distinguishes among three levels of processing following visual input: the feature level, the letter level, and the word level.
• George Bernard Shaw, playwright and lover of the English language, observed the illogicality of English spellings and suggested that, in English, it would be perfectly reasonable to pronounce ghoti as fish.
• Three different processes contribute to our ability to read: perceptual, lexical, and comprehension processes.
• Tree diagrams help to reveal the interrelationships of syntactical classes within the phrase structures of sentences.