Cultural Variations- Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

• What was the aim of the study by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)?

  Examine attachment types across cultures
• What method did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg use for their study?

  Meta-analysis of 32 Strange Situation studies
• How many countries were involved in the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

  8 countries
• How many infants were included in the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

  1,990 infants
• What was the most common attachment type found across all countries in the study?

  Secure attachment
• What was the range of secure attachment percentages found in the UK and China?

  75% (UK) to 50% (China)
• Which country had the highest rate of insecure-avoidant attachment?

  Germany
• Which country had the lowest rate of insecure-avoidant attachment?

  Japan
• What was the range of insecure-resistant attachment percentages from the UK to Israel?

  3% (UK) to 30% (Israel)
• What did the study find about intra-country variation compared to inter-country variation?

  Intra-country variation was greater
• What was the range of secure attachment percentages found in the USA studies?

  46% to 90% secure attachment
• What was the secure attachment percentage found in Simonella et al. (2014) study in Italy?

  50% secure
• What percentage of infants in Simonella et al. (2014) study were insecure-avoidant?

  36% insecure-avoidant
• What explanation was given for the lower secure attachment found in Simonella et al. (2014)?

  Increasing professional childcare use
• What was the secure attachment percentage found in the Takahashi study (1990)?

  68% secure attachment
• What percentage of infants in the Takahashi study were insecure-resistant?

  32% insecure-resistant
• What percentage of infants in the Takahashi study stopped the Strange Situation steps due to distress?

  90% stopped steps
• What were the weaknesses identified in the Takahashi study?

  Unethical harm and limited generalisability
• What ethical concern was raised regarding the Takahashi study?

  Distress caused to infants
• What limitation was noted regarding the generalisability of the Takahashi study?

  No exposure to strangers
• What is a strength of the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study regarding sample size?

  Nearly 2000 participants
• How did indigenous researchers contribute to the validity of the study?

  Same cultural background as participants
• What limitation was noted regarding country representation in the study?

  1 study in China vs 18 in the USA
• How might the Strange Situation misinterpret behaviors?

  German independence vs insecurity