Respiration

• Stages of aerobic resp?

  glycolysis , links reaction , krebs cycle , electron transport chain
• Process of glycolysis?(simple)

  split one molecule of glucose (6c) into 2 molecules of pyuvrate (3c)

  occurs in the cytoplasm

  doesnt need oxygen - so anaerobic
• what are the two stages of glycolysis?

  phosphorylation and oxidation
• phosphorylation of glycolysis? (complex)

  atp used to phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate (from hexose biphosphate)

  tp is oxidised, releasing atp

  so net 2 atp and 2 NAD
• oxidation of glycolysis?

  tp is oxidised (lose hydrogen) forming 2 pyuvate

  NAD collects hydrogen ions forming 2 NADH

  4 atp produced so net 2atp (2used up in phosphorylation)
• glycolysis in plants?

  anaerobic: pyuvate converted into ethanol (plants and yeast)

  or lactate (animals and some bacteria)

  using NADH
• Process of links reaction?

  pyuvate is decarboxylated (one carbon removed)

  pyuvate is oxidised to from acetate and NAD becomes NADH

  acetate is combined with coenzymeA to form acetyl coenzymeA

  no atp is produces in this reaction
• Links reaction:

  2 pyuvate molecules are made for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis

  so links reacion and krebs cycle occurs twice

  so:

  x2 acetyl coenzymeA into krebs

  x2 co2 molecules released

  x2 NAHD go to last stage of oxidative phosphorylation
• Krebs cycle:

  involves oxidation reduction reactions that take place in matrix of mitochondria

  cycle happens 2 times
• process of krebs cycle?

  (1) acetyl coA from links combines with 4c (oxaloacetate) to form a 6c (citrate)

  CoenzymeA goes back to link reaction to be used again

  (2) 6c converted to 5c

  decarboxylation occurs where c02 is removed

  dehydrogenation occurs where hydrogen is removed

  hydrogen used to produce NAHD

  (3) 5c becomes 4c

  decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur producing 1 FADH and 2 NADH

  atp produced by adp+pi called substrate level phosphorylation

  citrate converted into oxaloacetate