AO3

• Who found that the predictions made by the levels model are supported by research (predictive validity)?

  McCutcheon et al.
• What did McCutcheon et al. find?

  Participants with intense-personal or borderline-pathological parasocial relationships experienced high anxiety in their intimate relationships. People at the entertainment-social level generally did not although they faced other relationship issues
• Who found a link between poor body image and parasocial relationships in 2005?

  Maltby et al.
• Who compared parasocial relationships in collectivist and individualistic cultures?

  Dinkha et al.
• What did Dinkha et al. find in the study?

  In both collectivist and individualistic cultures, people with insecure attachment types were more likely to form intense parasocial relationships, regardless of culture
• Who conducted a study that found no link between attachment security and parasocial relationships?

  McCutcheon et al.
• What did McCutcheon et al. find about the relationship between attachment type and parasocial relationships?

  Found that attachment security did not affect the likelihood of forming a parasocial relationship. Insecurely attached participants were no more likely than securely attached participants to form a parasocial relationship
• Most studies such as McCutcheon’s are correlational, so do not establish causation
• How does the absorption-addiction model explain the link between celebrity worship and body image, according to Maltby et al. ?

  Teenage girls who had an intense-personal parasocial relationships with an adult female celebrity admired for her body shape tended to have poor body image. This supported the model’s prediction of an association between poor psychological functioning and the level of parasocial relationship