ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• The endocrine system consists of glands and their functions, hormones, chemical messengers, and the hypothalamus.
• Anaphycontent 01 includes medical terminologies, functions of the endocrine system, chemical messengers, hormones, glands, and their functions, aging and the endocrine system, disorders of the endocrine system, and more.
• The endocrine system regulates the body's functions through hormones, which act as chemical messengers.
• Hormones act on specific receptor sites to stimulate or inhibit the target tissue's function.
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• Death can occur quickly unless blood glucose is restored to normal levels.
• Buildup of ketones causes blood pH to fall.
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• Unless treated quickly, ketoacidosis can cause death.
• The components of hormones include the location on a cell where hormones bind, the group of cells that respond to specific hormones, specific hormones that bind to specific receptor sites, and the stimulation of hormone release.
• Inhibition of hormone release can be caused by humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, or hormonal stimuli.
• The water-soluble hormones include amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones.
• The lipid-soluble hormones include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide.
• The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is a major link between the endocrine and nervous system and is termed as the endocrine control center of the brain.
• The pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, is composed of neural tissue.
• Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by decreased blood glucose level, which occurs because the excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells.
• Nephrogenic hyposecretion of ADH, usually caused by a brain tumor, head trauma, or brain surgery that damages the posterior pituitary or the hypothalamus, is a type of neurogenic diabetes insipidus.
• Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by decreased blood glucose level, which occurs because the excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells.
• Hypersecretion of GH during childhood slows bone growth and causes the epiphyseal plates to close before normal height is reached.
• Cushing’s Syndrome is a condition caused by hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.
• Pheochromocytomas are usually benign tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
• Organ failure during childhood due to hypersecretion of GH causes giantism, an abnormal increase in the length of long bones.
• Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood causes the bones of the hands, feet, cheeks, and jaws to thicken and other tissues to enlarge.
• Addison’s Disease is a condition caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone.
• The posterior pituitary, also called the adenohypophysis, accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland and is composed of epithelial tissue.
• The pineal gland is both an endocrine and exocrine gland located in the first curve of the duodenum and consists of a head, tail, and body.
• The thyroid gland consists of four small, round structures partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, known as the thyroid nodules.
• The anterior pituitary gland consists of five types of glands: Somatotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Lactotrophs, and Corticotrophs.
• The pancreas consists of oval glands that lie in the scrotum, with the main hormone produced and secreted by the testes being testosterone, an androgen or male sex hormone.
• The parathyroid gland consists of two flattened pyramidal glands located superior to each kidney, divided into two portions: The adrenal Cortes (outer) and the Adrenal Medulla (inner).
• The adrenal medulla is an abilobed gland, roughly triangular in shape located in the superior mediastinum, behind the sternum between the lungs, which produces the hormones: Thymosin, Thymo-Humoral Factor (THF), Thymic Factor (TF), and Thymopoietin.
• The thymus gland, located in the superior mediastinum, produces the hormone Melatonin.
• The anterior pituitary gland produces hormones such as Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating (TSH), Follicle-stimulating (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), Adenocorticotropic (ACTH), Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH).
• The adrenal cortex is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with hormone-producing cells, called chromaffin cells, innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS.
• The posterior pituitary gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located inferior to the larynx.