Importance of cardiovascular health

• Cardiovascular disease:

  • umbrella term
  • includes:
  • coronary artery disease (most common manifestation of CVD) or coronary heart disease
  • systemic circulatory disease - relates to peripheral arterial disease
  • cerebrovascular disease - relates to stroke
• Give 2 reasons why CVD mortality rates are higher in deprived areas or countries?

  • lack of access to hospitals
  • lack of education
• Why CVD affects men more than women:

  • pre-menopausal women have oestrogen as a defensive mechanism
  • post-menopausal women start to catch up to mens rate of CVD deaths
• • 9 potentially modifiable risk factors account for over 90% of the risk of an initial myocardial infarction:
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Lipids ApoB/ApoA1
  • Abdomen obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Fruit & veg
  • Alcohol
  • Physical Activity
  • Psychosocial
• • Biological risk factors:
  • raised blood pressure
  • raised blood sugar
  • raised blood cholesterol
  • obesity
  • Lifestyle determinants:
  • tobacco use
  • unhealthy diet
  • excessive alcohol
  • physical inactivity
  • stress
  • depression
  • Broader determinants
  • age
  • sex
  • genetics
  • ethnicity
  • income
  • education
  • living conditions
  • working conditions
• • non-communicable diseases:
  • cardiovascular disease
  • respiratory disease
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • mental health disorder
• 25 by 25 campaign:

  • set of 9 voluntary global non-communicable disease targets for 2025
  • main target is to decrease premature mortality from cardiovascular disease by 25%
  • other targets:
  • essential NCD medicines and technologies 80% coverage
  • drug therapy and counselling 50% coverage
  • diabetes/obesity 0% increase
  • raised blood pressure 25% decrease
  • tobacco use 30% decrease
  • salts/sodium intake 30% decrease
  • physical inactivity 10% decrease
  • harmful use of alcohol 10% decrease
• Interaction between CVD risk factors:

  • risk factors are all interlinked:
  • obesity & metabolic risk factors
  • cardiovascular disease
  • physical inactivity
• Changes in Modes of Transport, Obesity & CVD in Beijing, China:

  
• Domains of Physical Activity:

  • Transport
  • Domestic
  • Work
• NHS Long-Term Plan:

  • Preventing 150000 heart attacks, strokes and dementia cases
  • Providing education and exercise programmes to tens of thousands more patients with heart problems, preventing up to 14000 premature deaths
• Modifiable risk factors:

  • high systolic blood pressure is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular disease

  
• Lifes 8 essentials to improve cardiovascular health:

  • regular sleep
  • balanced Mediterranean style diet
  • meeting physical activity guidelines
  • control blood glucose
  • control weight
  • reduce non-HDL cholesterol
  • control blood pressure
  • quit smoking