absolutism & constitutionalism

• King Charles I raised taxes without parliamentary approval, leading to opposition from Parliament.
• Cromwell's government abolished the monarchy and established England as a republic.
• Parliamentary forces were led by Oliver Cromwell, who became Lord Protector.
• The English Civil War was fought between the Royalists (supporters of King Charles) and Parliamentarians (opponents of the king).
• In 1642, civil war broke out between supporters of the king (Cavaliers) and those supporting Parliament (Roundheads).
• The English Civil War was fought between King Charles I and his opponents, including Oliver Cromwell.
• The English Civil War ended with the execution of King Charles I on January 30th, 1649.
• Parliament passed the Petition of Right in 1628, which limited royal power and protected individual liberties.
• After the defeat of the Royalists, Cromwell took control of the New Model Army and continued fighting against the remaining Royalist strongholds until 1650.
• After the death of Oliver Cromwell, his son Richard took over but failed to maintain control.
• Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629 to avoid further restrictions on his powers.
• King James I faced opposition from Puritans, who wanted him to enforce strict religious laws.
• James I's failure to do so resulted in the formation of the Pilgrim Fathers, who left England for America.
• King James II fled to France in December 1688, leaving William III as the new monarch.
• Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of England from 1653 to 1658.
• Richard Cromwell resigned as Lord Protector in May 1659 due to lack of support.
• William III's accession led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689, where he became joint ruler with Mary II.
• The Bill of Rights established that the monarch could not raise taxes without parliamentary approval or keep an army during peacetime.
• Richard Cromwell became Lord Protector upon his father's death, but he lacked support from the army and resigned within eight months.
• In 1640, Parliament summoned by Charles II demanded that he agree not to raise taxes without their consent or imprison people without trial.
• James I responded by issuing the Great Contract in 1610, which aimed to limit royal taxation authority and increase parliamentary representation.
• James I was succeeded by Charles I, who also faced opposition due to his attempts to impose Anglicanism as the only religion allowed in England.
• In 1647, the Rump Parliament executed Charles I.
• William III was invited by Parliament to become king due to concerns about James II's Catholic beliefs.
• Civil war broke out when Charles tried to arrest five members of Parliament (the Five Members) accused of treason.
• Parliament had the power to impeach ministers and judges, and no one except Parliament could be tried for treason.
• The Rump Parliament was reinstated under Richard Cromwell but failed to gain popular support.
• In April 1660, Charles II returned to London with an army and restored the monarchy.
• Parliament passed the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion in 1660, which pardoned those involved in the Civil War and Interregnum.
• The English Civil War began when Charles I tried to impose Anglicanism on Scotland.
• The Act of Settlement (1701) established the line of succession to the throne and prevented Catholics from becoming king or queen.
• Parliament gained control over taxation, while the king retained some powers such as appointing ministers and commanding the army.
• The Bill of Rights also stated that Catholics were excluded from becoming king/queen or marrying into the royal family.
• Mary Tudor (1516-1558) was the first female ruler of England and ruled from 1553 to 1558.