Transition Metals

• What properties do transition metals have?

  -Variable oxidation states

  -Form coloured ions in solution

  -Can form complex ions

  -Good catalysts
• Why do transition metals have variable oxidation state?

  They have electrons in the 4s and 3d subshells which are very close therefore electrons are gained and lost using similar amounts of energy to form their ions
• Are zinc and scandium transition metals?


  No
• What ions does Vanadium (V) form?

  -V^2+

  -V^3+

  -VO^2+

  -VO2^+
• What colour is V^2+?

  Violet
• What colour is V^3+?

  Green
• What colour is VO^2+?

  Blue
• What colour is VO2^+?

  Yellow
• What acronym can you use to remember the colours of Vanadiums ions?

  Mordecai and Vgby is all i could come up with and its not even and acronym sorry
• What colour is Cr^3+?

  Green/violet
• What colour is Cr2O7^–?

  Orange
• What colour is Mn^2+?

  pale pink
• What colour is MnO4^-?

  Purple
• What colour is Fe^2+?

  Pale green
• What colour is Fe^3+?

  Yellow
• What colour is Co^2+?

  Pink
• What colour is Ni^2+?

  Green
• What colour is Cu^2+?

  Blue
• Whats a complex ion?

  This is when a central transition metal ion is surrounded by ligands and bonded by covalent coordinate/dative bonds.
• What does a complex ion generally look like?

  -Has a central metal ion

  -Ligands have atleast one lone pair of electrons used to form coordinate bond with the metal

  -Square bracket shows the full complex and the overall charge of it

  
• Whats a ligand?

  A species (ion, atom or molecule) that has atleast one lone pair of electrons
• What three types of ligands are there?

  Monodenate, bidentate, polydentate
• Give three examples of monodentates you should know

  H2O: , :NH3 , :Cl-
• Give two bidentate ligands you should know

  Ethanedioate, Ethane-1,2-diamine

  
• Give an example of one poly/multidentate ligand you should know

  EDTA^4- and haem (in haemoglobin)
• Define monodentate ligand

  A ligand which only has one lone pair of electrons
• Define bidentate ligand

  A ligand which has two lone pairs of electrons
• Define multidentate ligand

  Ligands which have more than one coordinate bond
• What is the shape of a complex ion dependent on?

  -Size of the ligand

  -Coordination number
• What is the coordination number?

  The number of coordinate bonds in a complex
• True or false: The coordination number is the number of ligands

  False
• True or false: The coordination number is the number of coordinate bonds in a complex

  True
• If ligands are small, how many can you fit around a central metal ion? Name two small ligands

  
  

  You can fit 6. Two small ligands are :NH3 and H2O:
• An example of a big ligand is :Cl-. How many of these can you fit around a central metal ion?

  4
• There are two extremely large ligands in which you can normally fit 3 of these around a central metal ion. Name two of these extremely large ligands.

  Ethanedioate and Ethane-1,2-diamine
• What shape do complexes with a coordination number of 6 form?

  Octahedral
• Bond angles of octahedral shape?

  90 degrees
• When does a complex ion have a tetrahedral shape?

  When it has a coordinate number of 4 with large ligands such as :Cl-
• Bond angle in tetrahedral shapes?

  109.5 degrees
• When does a complex ion have a square planar shape?

  When the coordination number is 4 and the ligands are small such as :NH3