ANIMAL HEALTH

• Animal Health refers to the physical and physiological well-being of an animal.
• Disease is a deviation from normal health with marked physiological, anatomical or chemical changes in the animal body.
• Infectious diseases are caused by living organisms and can be transmitted by direct or indirect methods.
• Contagious diseases are transmitted (direct or indirect).
• Non-infectious diseases are caused by factors other than living organisms (metabolic, mechanical, or lesions).
• Causative Agents of diseases include Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Fungi, and Parasites.
• Diseases can be categorized according to their duration: Acute, Chronic, Sub-acute, Per-acute, and Morbidity and Mortality.
• Immunity is the capacity of all animals to resist infection, which can be natural or artificial.
• Disinfection is the process of converting a place or object from a potentially infective state into one, which is free from infection.
• Animal Hygiene refers to the means of controlling and preventing disease, which includes isolation of sick animals and quarantine.
• Bacterial diseases include Anthrax, Pullorum (Salmonellosis), Tetanus, Brucellosis (Bang’s Disease or contagious abortion), and others.
• Viral diseases include Hog cholera or Swine fever, Rabies, Transmissible gastro-enteritis, Foot and Mouth Disease, Fowl pox, Infectious bursal disease, Avian influenza, and Newcastle disease.
• Nutritional diseases include Rickets, Osteomalacia, Anemia, and Xeropthalmia.
• Bacteria – small, single-celled plant cocci,(round or oval), bacilli

  (rod-shaped) or spirilla (long twisted)
• Fungi - multicelled organisms that are heterotrophic
• Protozoa - unicellular eukaryotic microorganism
• Helminths - parasitic worms with complex life cycles
• Arthropods - insects, mites, ticks, etc., have exoskeletons and jointed legs
• Insects - beetles, flies, lice, mosquitoes
• Arthropods - insects, mites, ticks, etc., which have jointed legs
• Arachnids - spiders, mites, ticks
• Helminths - parasitic worms
• Virus – very small, can be seen in electron microscope, live on

  entirely parasitic existence invading cells of other organisms
• Protozoa – single-celled animals, larger than bacteria, can be

  seen under ordinary microscope
• Parasites – live in or on other organisms or animals referred to

  as hosts (ectoparasites: ticks, mites, fleas,

  lice)(endoparasites:flukes,flatworms,roundworms
• Fungi – microscopic plants (example, ringworm)
• Acute – start quickly and run a short course
• Chronic – those that runs for an indefinite time
• Sub-acute – clinical signs are shown
• Per-acute – destroy animal before clinical signs are seen
• Morbidity – number of animals in a herd or flock affected by

  the disease but do not die
• Mortality – number of animals dying from the disease
• Immunity – capacity of all animals to resist infection
• Natural- immunity arises without man’s assistance

  artificial- immunity developed after man’s intervention
• Disinfection – converting a place or object from a

  potentially infective state into one, which is free from

  infection
• Animal Hygiene – means of controlling and preventing

  disease: isolation of sick animals
• Quarantine – movement of animal is restricted to a

  designated area
• 1. Anthrax

  Causative agent: Bacillus anthracis

  Animal affected: cattle,buffalo and all mammals
• 2. Pullorum (Salmonellosis)

  Causative agent: Salmonella pullorum

  Transmission: in egg and direct contact
• 3. Tetanus

  Causative agent: Clostridium tetani

  Predisposing factors: surgical operation, wounds