world history

• The leading figures of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were Isaac Newton, Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Leibniz, and Voltaire.
• Economic changes in the European economy in the eighteenth century were reflected in social patterns.
• The British and French established colonies in the Americas, and their methods of administering their colonies differed.
• Voltaire's work, "The Ignorant Philosopher", presents a straightforward treatise on religious tolerance.
• Voltaire's work, "Candide", uses humor to make the same fundamental point about religious intolerance.
• Enlightened absolutism is a term used by historians to describe the characteristics of eighteenth-century Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
• The causes, main events, and results of the French Revolution are well known.
• The French Revolution was a key factor in the emergence of a new world order.
• The French Revolution of 1789 marked the beginning of a new political order.
• The French Revolution and contemporary revolutions share similarities and differences.
• When the Russians did stop to fight at Borodino, Napoleon’s forces won an indecisive and costly victory.
• Napoleon led an army of over 600,000 men into Russia.
• On the European continent, the overall relationship between distance from France and degree of French control can be accounted for.
• Napoleon’s hopes for victory in Russia depended on quickly defeating the Russian armies, but the Russian forces retreated and refused to give battle, torching their own villages and countryside to keep Napoleon’s army from finding food.
• Napoleon’s Grand Army won a series of victories against Austria, Prussia, and Russia that gave the French emperor full or partial control over much of Europe by 1807.
• One of the major peasant revolts in China, the Taiping Rebellion, took place in the mid-nineteenth century.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, adopted on August 26, 1789, by the National Assembly, affirmed that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights,” that government must protect these natural rights, and that political power is derived from the people.
• Both France and China experienced revolutionary upheavals at the end of the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth century.
• The storming of the Bastille in Paris in 1789 was an early action by the people of Paris that ultimately led to the overthrow of the French monarchy.
• Olympe de Gouges, a butcher’s daughter who wrote plays and pamphlets, argued that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen did not apply to women and composed her own Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791.
• Common people often played an important role in the revolutionary upheavals in France and China.
• An imperial Chinese army recaptured the city of Nanjing from Taiping rebels in 1864.
• Frederick William I responds with a harsh critique of his son’s behavior and character, stating that he cannot stand an effeminate fellow who has no manly tastes, is untidy about his person, and wears his hair curled like a fool instead of cutting it.
• Frederick II was a great ruler who brought about significant changes in his realm, including the abolition of serfdom and the establishment of a constitution.
• Frederick II initially resisted his father’s wishes and immersed himself in governmental and military affairs, but eventually capitulated and accepted the need to master affairs of state.
• Frederick II had a difficult relationship with his father, Frederick William I, due to their differences in personality and interests.
• The Baroque style that had dominated the seventeenth century continued to be popular, but by the 1730s, a new style affecting decoration and architecture known as Rococo had spread throughout Europe.
• In the letter, Frederick II asks his father for forgiveness and assures him that he will never willingly fail him.
• The relationship between Frederick II and his father may have reshaped relations between kings and sons.
• The relationship between Frederick II and his father was a complex one, reflecting the effects of ruling on the great monarchs of Europe and their families.
• Frederick II was known for his haughty and offish behavior, conversing with a favored few instead of being affable and popular, and grimacing like a fool.
• Frederick II was a high-regarded flute player and poet, while Frederick William I was more interested in governmental and military affairs.
• These letters, written when Frederick was sixteen, illustrate the difficulties in their relationship.
• Mary Wollstonecraft stated that the most respectable women are the most oppressed, and that women must learn to respect themselves if they wish to be valued when their beauty fades.
• Rococo emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action, and rejected strict geometrical patterns.
• Antoine Watteau, who created a specific type of Rococo art, portrayed a lyrical view of aristocratic life, refined, sensual, and civilized, with gentlemen and ladies enjoying leisure activities.
• Rococo was highly secular, and its lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love.
• Mary Wollstonecraft, responded to an unhappy childhood in a large family by seeking to lead an independent life.
• Mary Wollstonecraft suggested that both women and men were at fault for the “slavish” situation of females.
• Women have reason, and should have the same rights as men to obtain an education and engage in economic and political life.