MITOCHONDRIA

• What does the term "mitochondria" derive from?

  It comes from "mitos" and "chondrion"
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  To produce energy (ATP) for cells
• What do mitochondria break down to produce ATP?

  Carbohydrates (glucose)
• How do the number of mitochondria vary in different cell types?

  Red blood cells have none; cardiac muscle cells are 30% mitochondria
• What are the two membranes of mitochondria called?

  Outer and inner membranes
• What is contained within the inner membrane of mitochondria?

  Numerous folds called cristae
• What is the purpose of cristae in mitochondria?

  To increase surface area for energetic reactions
• What are the steps of ATP production in mitochondria?

  1. Glycolysis: Glucose to pyruvate in cytosol
  2. Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
  3. CO2 removed; enters citric acid cycle
  4. Enzymes use hydrogen to catalyze ATP from ADP
  5. H2O is also formed
  6. ATP leaves mitochondrion
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  In the cytosol
• What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

  It is absorbed into mitochondria
• What cycle does pyruvate enter in the mitochondrial matrix?

  The citric acid (TCA) cycle
• What does the citric acid cycle (TCA,tricarboxylic acid) systematically remove from pyruvate?

  CO2 and hydrogen atoms
• What do enzymes and coenzymes use hydrogen atoms for in mitochondria?

  To catalyze ATP from ADP
• What is produced alongside ATP during the process in mitochondria?

  H2O
• What happens to ATP after it is produced in mitochondria?

  It leaves the mitochondrion