Cc. Topnotcher Golingan

• FBS normal range is 70-105mg/dl.
• Impaired fasting blood glucose is defined as 100-125 mg/dl.
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis is characterized by glucosuria, ketones, dehydration, Kussmauls breathing.
• HgB A1C normal value is 2.2% -4.8%.
• HgB A1C good diabetic control is less than 6%.
• HgB A1C fair diabetic control is 6-8%.
• HgB A1C utilization monitors glucose levels over a 4-8 week period; useful for assessing diet and medication compliance.
• HgB A1C is affected by shortened RBC lifespan of <120 days, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies.
• Fructosamine special considerations monitor 2-3 week glucose, rapid assessment diet changes.
• Fructosamine interference is high levels of Vitamin C, hyperthyroidism.
• Pathways of glucose metabolism include Embden-Meyerhof, Hexose Monophosphate Sunt, Glycogenesis.
• Microalbuminuria use detects early signs of kidney malfunction.
• Causes of elevated glucose measurements include Diabetes Mellitus, Cushings, Steroid use, Stress, Pheochromocytoma.
• Causes of decreased glucose measurements include Insulin overdose, Addisons, sepsis.
• Osmolality measures total dissolved solutes in blood or urine.
• Elevated BUN causes are Renal disease, Urinary obstruction, dehydration,shock,CHF, fever,stress, severe burns.
• Normal creatinine levels are .6 - 1.2 mg/dl.
• BUN normal levels are 10-20mg/dl.
• Pre-renal azotemia is caused by low GFR, poor perfusion of kidney, dehydration,shock,CHF, fever,stress, severe burns.
• Renal azotemia is caused by diminished GFR, associated with acute or chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney.
• Post renal azotemia is caused by obstruction, stones, enlarged prostate.
• Creatinine is directly proportional to renal function and more reliable as single index of renal function.
• Creatinine clearance normal value is 107-139 ml/min.
• GFR is the best overall indicator of kidney function, normal >60.
• Uric acid normals are less than 10mg/dl.
• Elevated Uric acid pathologic findings include Gout, turnover of malignant cells, renal stones.
• Total protein normal values are normal 6.4-8.3 g/dl.
• Hypoproteinemia etiology is increased loss, decreased formation or intake.
• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein specific for prostate epithelium and is increased in prostate cancer.
• The normal range for HDL is greater than 55 mg/dl.
• The normal range for triglycerides is 40-160 mg/dl.
• The normal range for potassium is 3.5-5.0 mmol/l.
• The formula for calculating LDL is Total cholesterol - HDL - Triglycerides/5.
• Conjugated bilirubin is known as direct and is excreted in bile, converted to fecobilinogen and urobilinogen.
• An AST/ALT ratio less than one is seen in acute hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and mono.
• Elevated LDH can be seen in myocardial infarction, hepatic disease, cancer, acute leukemia, and skeletal muscle necrosis.
• Lipase is sourced from the pancreas and is normal in mumps.
• Elevated chloride can be caused by dehydration, Cushing's syndrome, or metabolic acidosis.
• Elevated sodium can be caused by excess dietary intake, aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, or Diabetes Insipidus.
• ALT (SGPT) is the usual marker for hepatocellular injury and is usually higher than AST in liver disease, except in alcoholic hepatitis. An AST/ALT ratio greater than 2 is indicative of liver disease.