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• Atrial Fibrillation is a condition where the heart beats irregularly and chaotically.
• Restoring Sinus Rhythm can be done through the use of Antiarrhythmics.
• Classes of Antiarrhythmics include IA (Moderate Na+ channel blockers), IC (Na+ channel blockers), III (K+ channel blockers), and IV (Maze Procedure).
• The Maze Procedure is a surgical procedure used to treat an irregular heart rhythm (atrial fibrillation) where a surgeon creates a pattern (maze) of scar tissue in the upper chambers of the heart (atria) using a scalpel or a device that delivers heat or cold energy.
• Scar tissue doesn’t conduct electricity.
• Percutaneous catheter refers to the combination of coronary angioplasty with stenting, usually referred to as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
• Sodium Channel Blockers are classified into IA (Double Quarter Pounder), IB (Lettuce, Tomato, Pickles, Mayo), IC (Fries Please), and IV (Fries Please).
• Torsades de Pointes is a type of polymorphic venticular tachycardia characterized on electrocardiogram by oscillatory changes in amplitude of the QRS complexes around the isoelectric line.
• Torsades de Pointes is associated with QTc prolongation, which is the heart rate adjusted lengthening of the QT interval.
• Incidence of varicose veins is higher in females, particularly those aged 35-40 years.
• Assessment findings for deep vein thrombosis include leg tenderness, leg pain and edema, and positive Homan's sign.
• Complications of deep vein thrombosis include pulmonary thromboembolism and lymphatic lobial position (Durant maneuver).
• Medical management for varicose veins includes pharmacological therapy, leg vein stripping and ligation, and anti-embolic stockings.
• Nursing management for deep vein thrombosis includes measures to avoid prolonged immobility, skin care to prevent the complication of leg ulcers, and administration of anticoagulants as prescribed.
• Venography and duplex scan are used in the laboratory for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis.
• Pathophysiology of varicose veins involves factors such as venous stasis, increased hydrostatic pressure, and edema.
• Laboratory findings for varicose veins include venography and duplex scan.
• Varicose veins are distended protruding veins that appear darkened & tortuous, with vein walls weakening & dilating, the valves becoming incompetent.
• Deep vein thrombosis is caused by the occlusion of both the deep and superficial venous system, leading to fluid sequestrations, significant edema, agonizing pain, cyanosis, and bullae.
• Etiology of varicose veins includes prolonged standing/ sitting, pregnancy, obesity, congenital/ incompetent venous valves.
• Assessment findings for varicose veins include tortuous superficial veins on the legs, leg pain and heaviness later in the day, and dependent edema.
• Medical management for deep vein thrombosis includes antiplatelets-aspirin, anticoagulants, vein stripping and grafting, and anti-embolic stockings.
• Management of Torsades de Pointes includes administering anti-arrhythmic drugs if prescribed, monitoring VS, detecting and documenting dysrhythmia, monitoring hemodynamic parameters, and monitoring serum electrolytes.
• Nursing management for varicose veins includes measures to avoid prolonged immobility, skin care to prevent the complication of leg ulcers, and administration of anticoagulants as prescribed.
• Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is characterized by warm skin and tender to touch.
• Deep vein thrombosis is characterized by pain in the calf or groin, and can be accompanied by Homan's sign.
• Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration is lower than normal, and can be categorized into three broad categories: loss of RBC, decreased RBC production, and increased RBC destruction.
• The clinical S&S resulting from atherosclerosis depend on the organ or tissue affected.
• Prevent and manage infection by monitoring the status of the patient, initiating prompt antibiotic therapy, and providing accurate information.
• Polycythemia refers to an increase in the volume of red blood cells, with the hematocrit elevated to more than 55%.
• Medical management for Polycythemia includes reducing the high blood cell mass through phlebotomy, Allopurinol, Dipyridamole, and chemotherapy to suppress bone marrow.
• Promote coping skills by providing accurate information, allowing the patient to verbalize her concerns about medication, prognosis and future pregnancy, and monitoring and preventing potential complications.
• Nursing management for Polycythemia involves the primary role of the nurse as educator, regular assessment for the development of complications, assisting in weekly phlebotomy, advising to avoid alcohol and aspirin, and advising to use a tepid sponge bath or cool water to manage pruritus.
• Monitor and prevent potential complications by providing always adequate hydration, avoiding cold temperatures that may cause vasoconstriction, managing leg ulcers, using aseptic technique, and managing priapism.
• Assessment findings for Polycythemia include skin that is ruddy, spleen enlargement, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, angina, dyspnea and thrombophlebitis.
• Pathophysiology of Polycythemia involves the stem cells growing uncontrollably, the bone marrow becoming hypercellular and all the blood cells are increased in number, the spleen resuming its function of hematopoiesis and enlarging, blood becoming thick and viscous causing sluggish circulation, and overtime, the bone marrow becoming fibrotic.
• Complications of Polycythemia include an increased risk for thrombophlebitis, CVA and MI, and bleeding due to dysfunctional blood cells.
• Causative factors for Polycythemia are unknown.
• Leukemia is a malignant disorder of blood forming cells characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow, which can also proliferate in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.
• Primary Polycythemia is a proliferative disorder in which the myeloid stem cells become uncontrolled.